Arama Sonuçları

The Ideal State MY COMMENTS :   Written by Farabi, a prominent Islamic thinker of the 9th and 10th centuries, the work discusses the creation process, which forms the basis of humanity and all living beings, and the ideal state system for people to live within the subsequent world order.   Considering the period in which it was written, the work discusses both the creation of matter and the process by which humanity is unable to comprehend God. The author then discusses the structures of matter and other living beings, stating that humans are the most complex species among all created beings.   One of the most astonishing aspects of the work is that, despite being written 1000 years ago, it contained information about the biological structure that is relevant today. It is clear that the author possessed detailed knowledge, from the arteries of the human body to the nerves in the brain, at that time.   However, unlike Western scientists, Farabi did not disregard the soul and its structure, and, like other Islamic scholars, he considered the human being as a whole, comprising both soul and body. The author, who also explains the most important organs for human life individually and with reasoned explanations, possessed not only a profound philosophical knowledge but also a strong command of what are now called positive sciences.   After presenting humanity, nature, and creation, the author discusses the necessary conditions for a state suitable for the continuation of humankind. In this section, he states that just as the heart and brain are the two vital organs that govern the body, countries should also be governed by qualified leaders. While he does not express a clear opinion on the form of government, he suggests that if qualified individuals possessing the virtues mentioned in the work are in charge of governing the country, its citizens can also benefit from the privileges of living in a virtuous city.   The author does not interpret the concept of the virtuous city solely through the lens of material wealth and prosperity, as Western philosophers have done, but rather offers a much broader perspective. He even argues that material well-being is not among the priorities of virtuous city dwellers. He claims that communities fulfilling the requirements of being virtuous will also enjoy a prosperous society.   As can be seen, the work was far ahead of its time, and its assessments, which are still valid today, were expressed by an important Islamic thinker more than 1000 years ago.   Unfortunately, it is clear that today, there are almost no countries left that embody the qualities described by the author. It is evident that for the people of this so-called modern age, material gain takes precedence over spirituality and human values. In a world experiencing not only societal but also global cultural decay, the replacement of human values such as morality, spirituality, and solidarity with fleeting desires like material power and worldly pleasures raises questions that require careful consideration regarding the ultimate destination of humanity.   In conclusion, thanks to its deductive narrative, the work absolutely deserves to be regarded as a timeless bedside book that addresses the definition of creation and infinity, as well as the vital values that humanity should consider after the process of existence.               MY QUOTATIONS(*) :   The most perfect knowledge is that which is permanent and indelible, and which can never be erased, is known through equally permanent knowledge. We must understand that the First One, in His own right, is not difficult to comprehend, for He is the ultimate degree of perfection. However, because He is mixed with matter and nothingness, and as a result of the weakness of our minds, it is difficult for us to grasp Him and conceive Him. We are too weak to think of Him as He truly is, because His extreme perfection overwhelms us and prevents us from fully conceiving Him. The more perfect and powerful something is, the weaker our visual perception of it becomes. The First One is that from which everything that exists originated. His existence is for its own sake. Anything else emanating from Him is a consequence of His essence and being, and necessarily follows from them. Matter is the object upon which form exists, and form cannot continue to exist without matter. The existence of matter is for the sake of form. Knowledge of something can be acquired through reason, imagination, or sensory perception. When the knowledge of something that can be perceived through reason is desired, the act that enables the attainment of that desired thing originates from another faculty within reason. When the knowledge of something that can be grasped through sensory perception is desired, the act that enables its attainment arises from the combination of an act of the body and an act of the mind. When the imagination of something is desired, this is accomplished in different ways: one of them is the direct, actual result of the power of imagination, as in the imagination of what is hoped for and expected, or the imagination of something that occurred in the past, or the wishing for what the power of imagination unites. The heart is the governing organ that does not take orders from any other organ. After that comes the brain. The brain is also a governing organ, but its role is secondary, not primary. The heart is the source of natural warmth. This natural warmth radiates from it to all other organs, constantly supporting and nourishing them. This happens when the soul, carrying natural vitality, is sent from the heart to the organs via the arteries. Another function of the brain is this: the power of imagination can only function when the heart is at a certain temperature. Similarly, the power of reason can only think when the heart has a certain temperature. After the brain, the liver ranks next in order, followed by the spleen, and then the reproductive organs. The relationship between semen and the prepared blood in the uterus is like the relationship between yeast and milk. Just as fermented milk comes from yeast, so too does the fetus originate from semen. In humans, semen is produced by the vessels in which it is contained. These are the blood vessels located beneath the contractile skin. The testes also contribute to this process to a certain extent. These vessels open into a duct in the penis, and from these vessels, semen flows into the penile duct, passes through it, and is deposited into the uterus, where it gives rise to a powerful force. The organs shared by both sexes are warmer in men, and the organs responsible for movement and propulsion are stronger in men. Regarding psychic traits (passions), those directed towards strength, such as anger, harshness, and cruelty, are weaker in women and stronger in men. Those directed towards weakness, such as compassion and tenderness, are stronger in women. However, it is not impossible that some men have feelings similar to those of women, or some women have feelings similar to those of men. As for sensory abilities, imaginative abilities, and intellectual abilities, there is no difference between men and women in these respects. Happiness is the state of perfection that the human soul reaches, where it does not need any material substance to draw strength from. Perfect societies are of three types: large, medium, and small. A large society is the gathering of all nations throughout the whole habitable world. A medium society is the gathering of a single nation in a part of the habitable world. A small society is the gathering of the inhabitants of a single city on the territory inhabited by any nation. The gathering of the people of a village, a neighborhood, the inhabitants of a street, and finally the people of a household—the latter being the smallest unity—forms an imperfect, deficient society. The highest good and the greatest perfection can only be attained first in a city, not in a community that is less developed than a city. The ruler of a virtuous city cannot be just any random person. For rulership requires two things: that person must be inherently and naturally suited to rulership; and that person must have acquired the volitional skills and attitudes relevant to rulership. Just as most people are naturally suited to service, so too are most arts suited to serving the city. It is difficult for all twelve qualities required to be the ruler of a virtuous city to be found in a single person. Therefore, such naturally gifted individuals are encountered only once in any era. The ruler who succeeds the first ruler and acts as his deputy must possess a combination of these twelve qualities from birth and childhood, and after growing up, he must excel in the following six characteristics: He must be a philosopher. He must know and preserve the laws, rules, and procedures that the first rulers established for the city and applied in their administration, and he must follow in the footsteps of these rulers in all his actions. He must be superior in creating and establishing new laws by following their methods in matters not recorded in the laws of the past. The only good things they know are those that are thought to be good, such as physical health, wealth, sensual pleasures, freedom to pursue one's desires, respect, and prestige—things considered to be the ends of the earth. According to the ignorant city dwellers, each of these is a kind of happiness, and the greatest, most complete happiness is the sum of them all. The people of ignorant cities remain spiritually deficient and necessarily dependent on material things to survive. Justice is in accordance with nature. Therefore, justice is dominion obtained by force. Justice is the crushing of anyone who stands in the way of humanity, whoever they may be. Therefore, a person who acts in accordance with what is called justice, who applies its rules, is either a weak person who fears that others will inflict upon them what they wish to inflict upon others, or a deceived, misled person who does not know how things truly happen.   MY ASSESSMENTS:   Subject : The work discusses the creation process, which forms the basis of humanity and all living beings, and the ideal state system for people to live within the subsequent world order.   Style: The author's frequent use of technical concepts from the very first page, and the explanation of these concepts before conveying the intended message, should be considered an important criterion for the reader. This allows the intended message to be communicated more concisely through definitions. However, it should be noted that the frequent use of technical terms necessitates careful attention to certain terms by the reader.   Originality : Considering the period in which it was written, the fact that the work managed to contain information far ahead of its time and offers universally relevant knowledge that remains valid even today demonstrates that it is an original book.   Character : Due to its nature, the work will not be evaluated in this category.   Fluency : Considering the points mentioned in the style section, it should be noted that expecting the work to be engaging, given its genre, would be unreasonable. However, it can be argued that the technical terms used in the style section make it difficult to convey the intended messages more clearly, even hindering fluency. Nevertheless, despite its didactic structure and the scientific terminology it employs, it is a book that successfully conveys its intended messages clearly.   Overall : Based on the criteria mentioned above, and evaluated out of 10:   Subject: 9 Style: 7.5 Originality: 8.5 Fluency: 7   The overall average score for the book, which received its rating, is 8 points . Considering the genre and the period in which it was written, it should be noted that this timeless book, which still manages to reach the 8 mark, is definitely one of the essential bedside books that should be in every home.   (*) : All parts under the heading "My Quotes": THE IDEAL STATE Author : Farabi Publisher : Türkiye İş Bankası Cultural Publications Edition : 19th Edition – October 2024 The quote used on the cover is taken from the book in the photograph.

About Writing Sometimes a person doesn't feel like doing anything, and sometimes, even though they want to do something, they can't find the strength to do it. For me, writing has sometimes been something I started with great enthusiasm, and sometimes something filled with the helplessness of wanting to write but being unable to. You want to pour out your feelings and tell your troubles in words… Then you realize that no matter what you write, you have an intensity of emotions that won't satisfy you. Worse still, as you start writing, your feelings become more mundane than you imagined, and you realize that what you feel while writing isn't what you experience in words. But still, despite everything, you write… You want to write and express yourself, and sometimes you feel you have to. Because the possibility of conveying an emotion to someone else through your writing, and thus making them feel the same way, is one of the biggest motivations in this regard. Perhaps even just one person among the readers will change their perspective on life. This possibility alone makes it worthwhile to try 999 out of 1000 pieces of writing. While it's highly probable that all this writing won't yield results, it's important to realize that the ability to make an impact is almost the same across all professions. Although there are hundreds of thousands of people in the world doing the same job, we only know the most famous ones. If we're particularly interested, we might know those who come after the most famous, but not the rest. Writing is one of those fields that hundreds of thousands of people try to enter, hoping to become one of those unforgettable writers, but only a very small fraction achieve that status. To write throughout your life, knowing that your writing might not receive any attention… This is one of the greatest indicators that most writers are more courageous than those in other professions and art groups. Because writing also requires sharing one's private life. To lay these things bare before thousands of people, risking not receiving the necessary attention, or even not being loved, is truly an act of courage. While people generally hesitate to share their private lives with many people they meet face-to-face, writers almost always share their private lives with their readers, directly or indirectly. One of the greatest skills is being able to say a lot with few words. Sometimes, even with few words, you can have a lot you want to say. These situations make things even more difficult for the writer. No message, lots of words… Sometimes, instead of conveying a message, they want to confide, to pour out their feelings. But not the kind of conversations and everyday worries they hear from friends, but things that truly make them think and worry deeply. At the same time, they know they must be very careful in what they write. Because, once their worries are put down on paper, they won't be just their own. While this is a valid argument for all of us, writers, by presenting their worries to a reader, risk receiving reactions that will cause them to react more strongly than the indifferent responses they might receive from their friends. And that's where the real courage lies.             In our time, we've seen that there are actually more people brave enough to share their private lives than we thought. The fact that there are many options for doing this, beyond just writing, has also somewhat changed our perspective on culture and art. Regardless, writing and storytelling can be more challenging than speaking to strangers. That's the kind of world writing is; it evokes more feelings than I can express, yet it can be finished in a single page. Just like life itself…

All Columns and Essays MY COMMENTS :   This work, which compiles all the newspaper columns and opinion pieces written by Orhan Veli, explores the author's views on art, society, and politics.   In the "My Quotes" section, the sections numbered in bold will be matched with corresponding numbers in the "Comments" section, where you can find my thoughts on those quotes.   The first articles in the collection generally share the author's defense and thoughts against the reactions to the prose trend in poetry. According to the author, the inclusion of elements such as music or literature in poetry is a trick because there is no interaction between branches. It should also be stated that poetry should be kept separate from prose. However, the author prefers to see the harmony in poetry as part of music. (1)   The author, who again claims that elements such as verse, quatrain and couplet in poetry damage the meaning and restrict the poet, states that elements such as harmony, music, rhyme and meter should not be present as one of the basic necessities of poetry. Although he states that what is important is the content, it is necessary to consider that in this case there is no element that distinguishes poetry from prose. In fact, the author, who states that the work produced is beautiful even if the bricks and mortar in an architectural structure are not beautiful, seems to have overlooked the fact that poetry is both a work that does not look very beautiful from the outside and that it is of poor quality, and that it will ultimately doom the building to collapse. (2)   One of the author's important observations regarding poetry is that it should have both essence and meaning. However, the author believes that it is sufficient to achieve this by only providing the essence. Yet, it is well known that true poetry is a work that possesses both meaning and conciseness, rhyme, meter, and figures of speech, and that can contain both elements together. Indeed, it is seen that the works that have maintained their permanence to this day are of this kind. Therefore, just as it is dangerous to lose the style while only searching for meaning, it is equally tragic to lose the meaning while trying to give importance to the style. (3)   After expressing my thoughts on the author's views on poetry and literature, it is necessary to conduct some examinations of his writings which contain his social structure and political thoughts. The author's statement that the recitation of the call to prayer in Arabic is the beginning of a reactionary movement, using secularism, sheds light on the history of the chronic problems of the Republic that have continued for more than half a century. (4)   In this section, the author, on behalf of the entire left wing that wants to avoid appearing against religion, states that the real investment should be in production and education. However, considering that this is not the main issue and that the strengthening of religious values is not desired, it is clearly seen that religion is constantly being pushed into the background with valid arguments. It is obvious that neither the "intellectuals" of that period nor those in the near future considered that religion could be practiced without being against science and did not make a demand in this regard. In fact, the direct reactions against religion under the name of secularism appear in this work as a taboo that has been established since 1949, perhaps even earlier. (5)   In fact, in an article written by the author in 1950, after the call to prayer was reverted to its Arabic form, it is mentioned as if the country had no other problems, and this was done. Thoughts are expressed that this step would trigger other factors that would lead to reactionism in the future. Therefore, it is clear that the issue is not only about the call to prayer, but also a stance against the values it represents. It shows that from the early years of the Republic, there has been an effort to instill certain principles in the people from above, without building them on solid foundations. It is clear how long the understanding that views religion as reactionary has been instilled in people, an understanding that has remained unchanged from that time to this. However, it is impossible for the people to adopt coercive ideologies that are rejected even by the smallest incident through importation. While the Turkish state has always struggled to maintain its Muslim identity, short-term pressures may be effective when the state dictates that it forcibly erase this identity. However, fundamentally, this situation will never be accepted. Moreover, society has a much greater chance of developing by understanding the religion to which it belongs and fulfilling its requirements properly, instead of fighting against it. (7)   Therefore, the author’s condescending view, particularly regarding religious issues, which characterized the right wing as backward, is clearly visible in his political views at that time. In Turkey, such oppressive ideas of the left against the right wing have always been seen as modernity. However, when the right wing starts to defend itself and stand firm, it is always labeled as bigoted. (8)   The consequences of the author's criticisms of the Turkish Language Association (TDK) and Anadolu Agency regarding their efforts to simplify the language are clearly being experienced by today's youth and new generations. The author, particularly noting that Anadolu Agency is more than just an institution aiming to Turkify foreign words, criticizes the way and purpose of language simplification. Furthermore, the author states that if we used expressions, maxims, or proverbs from our language, there would be no need for this simplification. However, it is important to note that the use of terms like idioms and proverbs mentioned by the author is a stylistic choice. As can be seen from the examples of language simplification by Anadolu Agency in the past, it is clear that we have difficulty even reading our works from 70 years ago. (6)   As can be seen, the work clearly reveals the author's political agenda in the 1940s and 50s, as well as his perspective on society and art. Although I do not agree with the author's political views, the value of some of his observations about the people of Anatolia during that period cannot be denied. In this regard, while I share his views, especially those concerning art and artists, I must state that he is one of the poets whose literary style I do not find particularly appealing. However, I must also mention that, based on the literary style in this work, he actually had a high chance of being a writer more suited to prose.   One important point I must add before concluding this review is the praise given by a French author, also cited in the quotations section, to the writer for initiating a new literary movement nationally, even though the movement in his poems was European. This situation, while reinforcing in my mind the need for greater respect for our artists, also felt like a congratulatory message, highlighting how far we have become detached from our own literary genres alongside Western literature.   In conclusion, this work can be considered an absolute must-read for readers interested in Turkish literature and a detailed portrait of the era through the author's eyes.   MY QUOTATIONS(*) :   If a poem possesses a harmony worthy of appreciation, it is not provided by meter or rhyme. That harmony exists outside of meter and rhyme, and even despite them. However, it is meter and rhyme that make it conscious in the poem, making even the most unintelligent people aware of the existence of this harmony. To be able to appreciate a harmony thus perceived—that is, one provided by meter and rhyme—or to consider it skillful to speak within these simple measures, must surely be the most magnificent form of naiveté. I am not in favor of the intermingling of arts. Poetry should be considered poetry, painting painting, and music music. Each art has its own characteristics and its own means of expression. To express one's intention through these means and to remain confined within these characteristics is not both a way of respecting the true values of art and a way of giving space to effort and labor, is it? The difficulty in securing beauty must surely be this. Music in poetry, painting in music, and literature in painting are nothing more than tricks resorted to by people who cannot overcome this difficulty. ( 1 ) A person becomes happy when they understand something they thought was incomprehensible. What makes a poem a poem is simply the peculiarity of its style; and that relates to its meaning. There are people who look for a hundred beauties in a hundred-word poem. Yet even a thousand-word poem is written for a single beauty. Brick is not beautiful. Plaster is not beautiful. But an architectural work composed of these is beautiful. ( 2 ) It seems that, in reality, the fact that a beautiful word serves as material for poetry is not an advantage for poetry itself. The period was a reaction to a movement that wrongly attributed utility to art; in other words, a movement that sacrificed utility. Indeed, it was necessary to prevent them from attributing utility to art in this way. This could only be achieved by either accepting utility or art and rejecting the other. Culture has been defined in many ways, the most famous of which is a definition given by a French mathematician and the mayor of Lyon, which is roughly the same: according to this definition, culture is " what remains with us when we have forgotten all the books we have read ." An artist who is not picky and only takes the easy way out is always forced to sacrifice his taste. Through repeated sacrifices, he eventually reaches a point where he has nothing left in the name of taste. The taste of the people is a product of custom and tradition. However, the artist, constantly striving for something more beautiful, often elevates his own taste above that dictated by tradition. Then a distance appears between the artist and the people. This distance is temporary. It closes when a few discerning individuals discover and reveal the artist's talents. Perhaps they would want such a measure even more than we do. Yes, they would certainly want it even more than we do. After all, aren't those who say, " There is neither meter, nor rhyme, nor simile, nor metaphor, nor hyperbole in this; therefore, it is not poetry, " always prisoners of that idea of meter? Doesn't all their distress stem from seeing that their tiny measure has been lost? But we are searching for the measure of true poetry. Not the measure of those who say, " There is no meter, no rhyme, no simile, no metaphor; therefore, there is no poetry ," but the measure of those who will say, " There is meter, there is rhyme, there is metaphor, there is everything; but where is the poetry? " ( 3 ) Büyük Doğu, under the heading "Here are the documents," placed a photograph of a French magazine—available in every newspaper office, bookstore, and café—on its front page. This magazine is called Carrefour. It's published in France and, strangely enough, it's anti-communist. What can you do, death awaits everyone. You fell asleep and never woke up. Who knows where, how, or how old they are? You will have a kingdom that lasts only as long as a prayer. On that funeral stone, like a throne Every true artist hears something more than those who came before them. Language has taught the word "happiness" to millions of people who did not know what happiness was. Those who learn this word are a little more unhappy, a little more suffering than those who did not know it. Happiness is either in money, or in not knowing that it is in money. A task is serious if the person doing it takes it seriously, otherwise it is not. An article may contain no ideas, but it must be written in a flamboyant style. No matter how many ideas you express, if you speak plainly, in the language of the people, it's worthless. You can't sell yourself. Because he is young, he doesn't have a great influence on the older generation. That's human nature; when an old man has to doubt the values he believes in, he thinks everything is lost. But not everyone is like that. Those who think a little more broadly, a little more forward, know that some values will come to this world after them. They know this because it has been so throughout history. To try to deny this would be nothing more than claiming the world has stopped. I can't easily call someone old-fashioned who believes that those who come after them can also bring certain values to the world. There is nothing that does not exist for society that can be considered art. To those who believe that the purpose is achieved through understanding, I think it suffices to say that not everything understood is beautiful. Similarly, I would remind them that many things are beautiful without being understood, and that they don't need to be understood in order to derive pleasure from them. A painter is, above all, a man who loves paintings; not landscapes. A nation preserves its existence more than anything else through its language. As for the poet, this person, who owes his existence to the language of the nation, must serve it and strive for its perpetual existence. February 15, 1939. Religious lessons are starting in primary schools today. Five days ago, imam-hatip courses were opened in several places. Also, recently, a few fanatics recited the call to prayer in Arabic. A few literate people said that returning to religion is a necessary thing. However, all these events show that there is a reactionary movement in the country. ( 4) A French poet, Soupault, said, " Your poetry is first-class poetry in France, and in any European country. You can be proud of that. Moreover, this poetry has a special characteristic: it is as much local as it is European, it is national; although it is European, it is not an imitation of European poetry ." While there is an advanced cause such as providing millions of citizens with positive knowledge and thousands of bad schools, trying to serve the intellectual life of the country through religion is a regression. In other words, it is reactionary. Pursuing the dream of an Islamic unity, and thus making the interference of religion in state affairs inevitable, is a regression in a regime whose one of its principles is secularism. In other words, it is reactionary. ( 5 ) This Anadolu Agency thinks that language is a matter of words. Is the aim to Turkify the language? It's easy; you replace a few foreign words with Turkish words, and that's it. For example, if you're going to say "münakaşa" (dispute), give up on "münakaşa" and say "tartışma" (discussion). If one's mind could grasp that one doesn't have to express "derpiş etme" (to consider) with a word that is its equivalent, one wouldn't fall into such ridiculous situations. If one knows how to put together various words and use various folk expressions, the Turkish language is such a rich language that for those who understand it, worrying about words is nothing but a futile effort. ( 6 ) As Shakespeare said, " Doing is not as easy as knowing what should be done. " But to be able to do, one must know. This is possible by seeing and showing certain truths, not by arresting people. (1950 - A critique of the Adnan Menderes government) One of the first issues addressed by the first Democratic Party government was this matter of the call to prayer (adhan). The reason is clear: it was the most important issue. We couldn't tolerate listening to the adhan in Turkish for another week. If the adhan wasn't immediately translated back into Arabic, we would all die. Things we want to see done for the good of the country, just as they are considered communism today, could easily be considered heresy back then. Everyone would rise up. Religious fervor would replace national fervor. The government would be incapable of calming that fervor. Religious fervor would start to get whatever it wanted. Where would all this end? We don't want to see it, but probably very badly. The adhan issue is not a single thing. What matters is the outcome. What surprises and saddens us is that the Prime Minister couldn't see or consider such a danger. Because after abolishing the law on the adhan, there's no reason not to abolish the dress code law, the writing code law, and so on. Indeed, since we are in a democratic country, whoever wants can wear a fez, whoever wants can wear a turban, whoever wants can study in Arabic script, whoever wants can open a dervish lodge, whoever wants can go to a sorcerer, whoever wants can write amulets. ( 7 ) The purpose is to fulfill a promise made to hunt down a handful of backward people before the elections. ( 8: ) Art can never be tasked with merely acting as a herald for beliefs. Nor can simply fitting the pronouncements of certain ideologies, even new ones, into established frameworks constitute creating something new. The structure must be fundamentally altered. However, the difference between prose and poetry is not just a difference in meter and rhyme; it is a difference in expression. The language of prose is explanatory. For those who do not understand unless the words are explained to them, I would advise them not to read poetry for now. The older generation showed today's youth not what should be done, but what shouldn't be done. Of course, this is also a service. But it seems to me that a generation whose service is limited to this should criticize those who come after them. A person who closes their eyes to what comes after them is a person who stands still. A person's true character is revealed in their actions, not their words; the level of their intellect is evident in their work.   EVALUATION:   Subject : The work explores the author's views on art, society, and politics.   Style: The author consistently manages to create a feeling of continuous conversation with the reader. It's important not to overlook the fact that many of the articles are opinion columns, which contributes to this. However, it must be stated that the excessive and repetitive focus on certain topics negatively impacts the narrative. Nevertheless, it must be acknowledged that the author is one of Turkey's finest writers, not in poetry, but in prose.   Originality : The work does not aim to be original in terms of its nature. Therefore, although it may not receive a high score in this category, the main evaluation criteria should be examined in terms of other headings.   Character : The work, by its nature, will not be evaluated in this category.   Fluency : Considering the points mentioned in the style section, the author, while managing to draw the reader in quite effectively in prose, has succeeded in making the work as fluent as possible, even though it's impossible for it to be gripping given the nature of the work. However, although the repetition of the subject matter in some places sometimes hinders its fluency, it must be stated that overall it has a fluent narrative style.   Overall : Based on the criteria mentioned above, and evaluated out of 10:   Subject: 8.5 Style: 8 Originality: 4 Fluency: 7.5   The overall average score for the work, which received its points, is 7. Although the work barely reached the 7 threshold, as stated in the evaluation section, when examined without considering the element of originality, it should definitely be noted that it is one of the literary and sociological books that should be read.   (*) : All parts under the heading "My Quotes": ALL COLUMNS AND ESSAYS Author : Orhan Veli Publisher : Can Publications Edition : 1st Edition - February 2021 The quote used on the cover is taken from the book in the photograph.

Üç Büyük Usta MY COMMENTS :   This work, written by author Stefan Zweig, presents literary portraits of three great writers—Balzac, Dickens, and Dostoevsky—along with anecdotes about their lives.   The author, who dedicated separate sections to each of the three writers, devoted as much space to Dostoevsky as he did to Dickens and Balzac combined. This clearly shows his particular admiration for Dostoevsky, a fact he explicitly acknowledges in the final section of his quotations.   Since I have detailed the important anecdotes and thoughts of all three authors in the quotations section, I think it is appropriate here to limit myself to mentioning aspects that the author did not discuss or directly address.   As is clearly evident from the work, all great artists have written works that virtually represent the conditions of their society and country at that time. This is, naturally, normal for all of us. However, it can be said that truly great writers are those who best reflect these periods and the portraits of their people to their readers, and therefore deserve the title of "best writers." Especially during Balzac's time, when France had an emperor with expansionist policies, it is explicitly stated that the author wrote about this issue. Considering that England was one of the most comfortable countries in the 19th century during Dickens's time, it's clear that the characters had ordinary, everyday needs and demands related to prosperity. However, the real achievement isn't simply being able to produce books for that era, but rather being able to develop these characters in a way that deeply affects the reader. This is precisely what distinguishes great writers from others. If I were to talk about Dostoevsky in the same way the author did, if someone wanted to develop a reading habit and asked me to recommend an impressive classic, I think I would first suggest Crime and Punishment. Although it may seem cliché, this book is one of the best reasons why classics are remembered in this way. Because it was among the first classics I read, it made me feel uneasy after a while. Seeing that other classics also possessed this quality and impact made me question myself, and I thought I was very lucky if all classics could transport the reader to other worlds with this style and narrative. However, I soon realized that this was Dostoevsky's illusion. As with great thinkers, in Dostoevsky's work everything gains meaning through its opposite. It's a well-known fact that his characters, in some respects, directly reflect the author himself. He also very effectively demonstrates the situations humanity can find itself in when it becomes dependent on universal impulses. Some characters behave so well that, after a while, their excessive naivety can even harm others. Therefore, the value of good is embodied through evil, and the value of beauty through ugliness.   In conclusion, this is a Zweig book that readers of all ages should read, as it contains important messages from which they can learn. MY QUOTATIONS(*) :   Balzac depicts the world of society, Dickens the world of the family, and Dostoevsky the world of the individual and humanity. When Balzac became dissatisfied with his success and unfulfilled by his work, he set aside art, spent three or four years pursuing other professions; he worked as a clerk in a notary's office, observed, looked, learned, and penetrated the world with his perspective, and then he began to write once more. Conquering the world was Balzac's youthful dream, and nothing is more magnificent than a childhood dream come true. Under a painting of Napoleon, he wrote, " What he could not finish with the sword, I will finish with the pen ." Balzac's characters are driven by ambition; they want everything completely. To attain power, one must either find their own unique method or learn the methods of others, of society. Intensity, will, is everything, for it belongs to man, whereas success and fame belong to nothing, for they are determined by chance. But it was the persistence, firmness, and absoluteness of madness that enabled this one-sided obsession to reach perfection; its work is no longer sweat, but only fire, ecstasy (religious intoxication), imagination, and passion. His life consisted of passionately participating in the tastes of the people he created. A writer should stay away from women; they waste his time. One should limit himself to writing about them; this strengthens his style. Balzac possessed encyclopedic knowledge; he knew the value of a painting of Palma Vecchio, the price of a hectare of pasture, the cost of lace, a carriage, a servant, and he understood the life of the upper class, who, despite being deeply in debt, spent twenty thousand francs a year. Two pages later, we see the impoverished life of a retiree, for whom a broken window or a torn umbrella becomes a catastrophe. (It was known that he had debts exceeding 100,000 francs at the time of his death.) What others can only see in a veiled way, under thousands of disguises, he can see as if naked and clear. The idea of viewing the novel as an encyclopedia of the world begins with him – and it could almost be said that it ended with him if Dostoevsky hadn't come along. Balzac once said, “ A genius is someone who can put their thoughts into action at any moment. But a truly great genius does not pursue this action relentlessly, otherwise they would be too much like God .” ( End of Balzac Chapter ) When Dickens decided to read his works aloud to the public, making his first face-to-face encounter with his readers, England was shaken. In the United States, people were sleeping on mattresses laid out in front of ticket booths during the coldest winters, and a church in Brooklyn was transformed into a reading room for the author. Dickens himself ascended the pulpit and read the adventures of Oliver Twist and the story of little Nell. A literary work can only achieve such a vast, widespread, and profound impact when two seemingly contradictory elements rarely come together: a genius identified with the tradition of their own time. Every Englishman is more English than a German is. Englishness is not a veneer, a paint on the mental organism of a person; it mixes with the blood, regulates its rhythm, and animates the most intimate, inner, and fundamental aspects of the individual: this is the artistic aspect. As an artist, an Englishman is more devoted to his race than a German or a Frenchman. Just as Shakespeare embodies the audacity of ambitious England, Dickens embodies the prudence of complacent England. Dickens was born in 1812. When he opened his eyes, the world was dark, the great fire that threatened the foundations of European states had been extinguished. At Waterloo, Napoleon's guards had been scattered by the English infantry, England was free, and from a distant island, it watched the demise of its eternal enemy, powerless and uncrowned, all alone. In England at that time, happiness was equated with leisurely strolling, aesthetic refinement with virtue, national sentiment with loyalty, and love with marriage. All vital values were suffering from anemia; England was content with its lot and did not want change. At that time – in 1848 – England was the only country in Europe that had not undergone a revolution; similarly, it wanted only to correct and improve, not to overthrow and recreate things. Dostoevsky's characters are also fiery and passionate, their wills defy the world, and they reach from real life to true life in the most immense insatiability; they do not want to be citizens or human beings. Balzac's character wants to subjugate the world, Dostoevsky's wants to conquer it. Dickens' characters are all humble. Their ideal is a common bourgeois ideal. Dickens' books are true novels in the sense of richness and constant movement, not like the psychological novels we Germans all write, which are almost endlessly drawn out. Dickens always emphasizes the characteristic traits of his characters, taking them out of the realm of objectivity and exaggerating and caricaturing them. His heroes are always either extraordinarily exceptional or wretched and base, characters whose fates are predetermined; they bear either sacred halos or burn marks on their foreheads, and his world oscillates between good and evil, between the sensitive and the emotionless. English lies emasculate (castrate) the lust in man and subjugate the adult, but children still live their senses in a paradisiacal indifference; they are not yet English, but rather merely small, bright human flowers, their colorful worlds not yet obscured by the mist of English hypocrisy. Balzac empowered the bourgeoisie with his hatred, Dostoevsky did so with his messianic love, and Dickens, as an artist, freed these people from their heavy worldly burdens through his humor. Like all Englishmen, Dickens smiles only with his lips, not his whole body. ( End of Dickens Chapter ) From the dense fog of these days, something slowly begins to take shape, and finally, from this misty, dreamlike state, a mixture of fear and ecstasy, his first artistic work matures: his short novel, *The Little People*. His greatest shame, poverty, produced it; his greatest strength, his love of suffering, sanctified his boundless compassion. In Dostoevsky's life, the beginning is often melodrama, but the end always turns into tragedy. Every rise is followed by a fall, and this fleeting blessing is paid for with many desperate hours and sorrows that occur within the mechanism. Memoirs from the House of the Dead, an immortal account of a condemnation, pulled Russia out of the lethargy of passively observing. The flames of accusation rose to the Kremlin, the Tsar wept while reading the book, and thousands of lips whispered Dostoevsky's name. Turgenev and Tolstoy have been overshadowed. Russia now looks only to him. A Writer's Diary transforms him into the messiah of his nation, and gathering his last strength, he reaches the pinnacle of his art and completes his testament to the future of his nation: The Brothers Karamazov. Dostoevsky said, " There is no feeling more necessary for humankind than being able to bow before eternity. " Dostoyevsky suffered from epilepsy throughout his thirty-year career as an artist. In the middle of writing, on the street, during conversations, even in his sleep, the grip of nightmares would tighten around his throat, throwing him around so violently that he would crash to the ground with foam at the mouth, his unprepared body covered in blood. Tolstoy's life is didactic, a school textbook, a pamphlet; Dostoevsky's is a work of art, a tragedy, a destiny. Tolstoy has condemned himself for all his mortal sins, loudly and in front of the whole society. Dostoevsky, on the other hand, is silent, but his silence speaks more of Sodom than all of Tolstoy's accusations. Dostoevsky does not want to judge himself, change himself, or improve himself; he wants only one thing: to empower himself. Dostoevsky's characters are real Russians, people of transition, with the chaos of the beginning in their hearts, laden with timidity and unease. They are constantly hesitant and fearful, constantly feeling humiliated and scorned, and all this stems from a single fundamental feeling of the nation: their ignorance of who they are. None of them possesses a traditional stance, the crutches of an inherited worldview. They are all immoderate and helpless in an unknown world. All of them (Dostoevsky's characters) love to suffer because in suffering they feel life and love more intensely, because they know that " in this world, one can only truly love through suffering, " and that's what they want, more than anything! This is their strongest proof of existence. In Dostoevsky's work, man struggles for the ultimate truth, for his self which is universal humanity. Whether he commits a murder or burns with love for a woman, all these are insignificant, external matters, background. His novels take place in the innermost parts of man, in the spiritual realm, in the mental world. Dostoyevsky is the psychologist of psychologists. The depths of the human heart magically draw him in; the unconscious, the subconscious, the incomprehensible is his true world. Dostoevsky delved deeper into the underworld of the unconscious than doctors, lawyers, criminologists, and psychopaths. He was able to foresee, long before science discovered and named them—things extracted from seemingly dead experiences through experiments—all these telepathic, hysterical, delusional, and perverse phenomena, thanks to his prophetic intimacy and mystical capacity for shared suffering. He traced the phenomena of the soul to the limits of madness (mental excess) and the abyss of crime (emotional excess), thus traversing the endless paths of this new spiritual realm from one end to the other. Dostoevsky's characters don't want to love as much as they are loved: they only want to love and be sacrificed, always wanting to give more and receive less, and they wildly escalate their emotions until what begins as a gentle game becomes a suffocation, a groan, a struggle, an agony. This is Dostoevsky's secret: He needs God, but he cannot find Him. Sometimes he thinks he belongs to Him and is seized by ecstasy, only to be thrown back down to earth by the need for denial. No one has felt the need for God more intensely than him. " God is necessary for me for this reason ," he once said, " because He is the only being that a person can always love. " Dostoevsky said, " To comprehend the existence of God and at the same time to comprehend that man is not God would be an absurdity that would lead a person to suicide ." Those who know best are those who suffer most, and whoever knows you must bless you: And this man, who understands you most deeply, behold, has testified to you more than anyone else, and loved you more than anyone else. ( End of Dostoevsky Chapter )   MY ASSESSMENTS:   Subject : The work features literary portraits of three great writers—Balzac, Dickens, and Dostoevsky—along with anecdotes about their lives.   Style: As in Zweig's other books, this work also employs a style characterized by short and clear sentence structures. However, in some sections, particularly the one concerning Dostoevsky, it is evident that the sentence structure incorporates examples from Dostoevsky's writing.   Originality : The work will not be evaluated in this category due to its nature.   Character : The work, by its nature, will not be evaluated in this category.   Fluency : Considering the points mentioned in the style section, it must be stated that the work is written with a fluent narrative from beginning to end. However, it should be noted that it does not possess the element of suspense due to its subject matter. Nevertheless, given the genre and subject matter of the work, it is evident that the suspense expected from a fictional novel is not the main issue in this work.   Overall : Based on the criteria mentioned above, and evaluated out of 10:   Subject: 8.5 Style: 8 Fluency: 8   The overall average score for the work, which received its rating, is 8.2 . As the score indicates, the work contains a significant author portrait from which people of all ages can find something relatable and draw important conclusions. Therefore, it is clearly a must-read.   (*) : All parts under the heading "Quotations": THE THREE GREAT MASTERS Author : Stefan Zweig Publisher : Türkiye İş Bankası Cultural Publications Edition : 25th Edition - January 2021 The quote used on the cover is taken from the book in the photograph.

MY COMMENTS :   Jack London's novel, based on a true story, depicts the extraordinary and wild road trips experienced during the gold mining era in western Canada.   From the very beginning of the work, the author, who successfully takes the reader to the glaciers of Canada, briefly touches upon the white man's quest for control in a geography where he is depicted as a wolf. This narrative is primarily told from the perspective of the indigenous people of the region, the Native Americans. As can be seen in the section on excerpts, the white man, after seizing the wealth of the Native Americans through trade, subsequently took the women from their tribes, thus both preventing the continuation of the Native American lineage and fully consolidating his dominance over those people.   The author, particularly through the characters of Mackenzie and Malemute Kid, successfully conveys the influence of this understanding on the reader through the lens of the white man. Therefore, the work serves as an important resource for the reader to make their final observations, with sections interpreted separately by both Native Americans and Europeans. In particular, as can be understood from the short story "The Wolf, 1 to 10," the massacres suffered by many indigenous peoples in present-day America can also be understood from this work.   One of the main themes, as stated at the beginning of the work, is the struggle for survival that arose after the discovery of gold reserves in the western region of Canada in the 19th century. Malemute Kid (hereinafter referred to as Kid) decides to embark on a long and arduous adventure in harsh winter conditions, undertaking a journey of approximately 800 km for the first time. The greatest reward for him in this adventure is to reach the gold reserves as quickly as possible and create for himself a fortune of approximately $1 million at that time.   For this purpose, he set out on his journey with dog sleds, gathering many people from his region. During this process, the main character faced many difficulties, often struggling against the harsh winter conditions. Furthermore, as the journey became more challenging, he began to experience numerous problems with the people in his caravan. In this respect, the work successfully conveys to the reader, through concrete examples, how a person reveals their true self much more clearly during a journey and in difficult circumstances.   The author, without revealing the end of the gold rush adventure, concludes the work with a cautionary tale: a tribal chief, who endured many hardships for the woman he loved, is finally reunited with her and tragically dies in her arms, stabbed by her in a ungrateful act.   Therefore, the work has an impressive structure, both in terms of its plot and its handling of emotional elements. However, it must be said that it does not fully possess the reading pleasure that Jack London's readers are accustomed to, given that it is one of the author's early works. The reason for this will be explained in detail in the evaluation section.   In conclusion, this work deserves to be considered among the most remarkable and worthwhile books for readers interested in Jack London's adventurous works, due to its elements of real life. It will also greatly satisfy readers curious about America's attitude towards the challenges it faces in the face of humanity today.               MY QUOTATIONS(*) :   John Griffith London, whom we know as Jack London, was born in San Francisco in 1876 and died in 1916 at his farm in Glen Ellen, California. In his short life, he produced numerous literary works, as well as making significant contributions in politics, trade unionism, human and animal rights advocacy, journalism, and publishing. The highly prolific author has 23 novels, 21 short story collections, 3 autobiographical memoirs, 25 non-fiction books, 3 plays, numerous short stories, and poems. Today, Yukon is the westernmost, smallest, and least populated region of Canada. Its ethnic history is very ancient, dating back 25,000 to 40,000 years according to carbon dating of archaeological findings. The oldest known indigenous peoples are called the First Nations. In the early 19th century, Europeans began arriving in the region, and the First Nations living on the coast and inland began engaging in extensive fur trade with them. The first gold prospectors in the region were the Russians and the men of the imperial Hudson Bay Company. The indigenous people knew of the existence of this ore but did not consider it valuable, preferring the copper found in the surface layers in nut-sized particles. Nevertheless, by the 1870s and 1880s, professional gold prospectors began to emerge. With the discovery of the first gold, the Klondike Gold Rush began in 1897. With the population explosion, that part of the country was separated from the Northwest Territories in 1898 and formalized as the Yukon Territory, where a law enforcement force was established and gold exploration was quickly regulated. Regular and precise temperature measurements were not taken during the years the event occurred. It was later determined that temperatures in Yukon dropped below -60 degrees Celsius three times, in 1947, 1952, and 1968. The coldest known day was in February 1947, when thermometers showed -63 degrees Celsius. ( End of excerpts from the Foreword ) Nature employs many tricks to convince humanity of its limitations – the ceaseless flow of waves, the fury of storms, the tremors of earthquakes, thunderclaps resembling cannon fire from heaven – but the most magnificent, the most bewildering of all, is the stillness of the White Silence. Strange thoughts arrive uninvited, all mysteries stir with a yearning to be revealed. And fear of death, of God, of the universe grips humanity. Being alone with painful thoughts in the White Silence is unpleasant. The silence of gloom is merciful, enveloping and protecting you like a shroud, whispering a thousand words of empathy that are far from material, but the bright White Silence is clear, cold, and merciless under a sky whose color resembles steel. A man rarely makes a proper assessment of the woman he is with; at least not until he is deprived of her. The wolves took our women, and our men were left childless. We were reduced to a handful of people. The wolves took our warm furs and in return gave us evil spirits dwelling in bottles, and clothes made of grass, not beaver or lynx skins. These don't keep us warm, and our people are falling ill with strange diseases and dying. I am collecting beaver and deer skins to gain Thling-Tinneh's favor and marry his daughter Zarinska. But she is already wearing her snowshoes and waiting, ready to set out on the road, following the Wolf's dogs. Slovenly Mackenzie said, “ Brothers! The White Man, whom you call the Wolf, has come among you with true words. He is not like the Eskimos; he does not lie. But your men have said what they had to say, and the time for soft talk is over. First, I will tell you this: Your tribe’s sorcerer has a wicked tongue and is a false prophet; that is, the messages he conveys to you are not from the Firebringer .” Mackenzie said, “ This is the law of the Wolf: Whoever kills a Wolf, ten of his people will suffer the punishment. This has been paid in many lands, and it will be paid in many more .” Malemute Kid: “ Life is a game, and people are gamblers in that game. They’re willing to bet everything they have on a one in a thousand chance of winning. If that one chance disappears, they give up gambling .” Anyone who cannot adapt to new trends is better off returning to their homeland; if they delay doing so too long, they are certain to die. A clever woman can fill the many weaknesses of an inadequate man with her own invincibility, forcefully appeal to his fickle nature, impose the ambition in his soul, and spur him on to great achievements. A woman who can do all this, who can overcome all obstacles in a way that earns the man all his admiration and makes him wholeheartedly believe that everything depends on her, and on her alone, is very clever; she knows the ropes and the subtleties of the matter. Malemute Kid: “ There are matters too great for our wisdom to grasp, too big for our judgment. We cannot say anything about their rightness or wrongness, nor is it for us to pass judgment .” MY ASSESSMENTS:   Subject : The work depicts the extraordinary, wild, and challenging journey experiences during the gold mining era in western Canada.   Style: The work, with the author's characteristic simple and clear narrative style, successfully draws the reader into the plot. In fact, the simplicity and clarity of the descriptions of the settings often evoke glimpses of a potential conflict in the polar regions. The most noteworthy aspect of the work's style is that the story is told from the perspectives of different characters, creating the impression of multiple locations and main characters. While the events take place in the same geographical area, and the characters may have small connections to each other, the plot is structured around three main characters. This aspect makes it quite an unusual style.   Originality : Since the work is based on real events, one should not have high expectations regarding originality. However, considering the aforementioned points, its style can be considered original.   Character : Considering the points mentioned in the style section, the use of a combination of different stories set in similar geographical locations has resulted in a rather crowded character profile. In this respect, the work may, in some places, make it difficult for the reader to understand the character profiles. This can also sometimes lead to a feeling of disjointedness in the narrative.   Flow : Due to the author's unconventional writing style, there are sometimes issues with flow stemming from the difficulty in following the character outlines. However, given its subject matter, the book manages to keep the reader engaged until the very last page without losing any of its captivating appeal.   Overall : Based on the criteria mentioned above, and evaluated out of 10:   Subject: 8 Style: 9 Originality: 7 Character: 6 Fluency: 7   The work, which received its overall score, has an average rating of 7.4 . While it may not seem very close to the 8 mark compared to other Jack London works, as a period piece it definitely deserves to be examined for its universal messages and extraordinary literary style.   (*) : All parts under the heading "My Quotes": THE SON OF THE WOLF Author : Jack London Publisher : Turkuvaz Kitap Edition : 1st Edition – April 2022 The quote used on the cover is taken from the book in the photograph.

The Paul Street Boys MY COMMENTS :   This world-famous classic tells the story of a gang formed by a group of high school students and their adventures in their quest for dominance in an empty playground they designated as their territory.   The gang leader named Boka, who is also one of the two main characters, organized a group of friends from his class and designated an unowned real estate as their playground.   Elsewhere in the region, student groups have similarly claimed the area and have entered into a fight over the playground with another group known as the red shirts.   Nemecsek, a character who appears to be one of the weakest links in Boka's gang, is assigned the lowest rank in the gang's hierarchy. However, as a result of his experiences, Nemecsek discovers that the red shirts have been joined by a boy named Gerebin, whom they thought was their own losing presidential candidate.   While secretly spying on them in their area as part of his informant activities, Nemecsek witnessed Gerebin's blatant treasonous plan. Unable to contain himself, he demonstrated a remarkable example of loyalty and courage to all the gang members. He subsequently contracted a serious illness as a result of being forced into the lake and back as punishment.   Later, Gerebin regretted his actions and wanted to return to his former organization, but Boka initially rejected him. However, when they realized he was truly remorseful, they gave him one last chance and assigned him a key role in the upcoming war in their region.   During this period, Nemecsek was recorded in the association's ledger as a traitor after leaving a Paste Association meeting the day before his capture by the Red Shirts to pursue Gerebin without explaining himself to the association president. However, when his actions were later revealed, his name was engraved in the association's ledger in gold letters, even though he was unable to see it.   Boka and his gang, having liberated their territory, were unable to prevent Nemecsek's death, a feat comparable to real-life battle. Even the leader of the rival gang expressed his respect for his heroic actions by visiting him at his home and wishing him well.   Despite its poignant ending, the work contains important lessons about the world of children. Considering that the world of adults is far more brutal and lawless, the work's adherence to even the rules of war and hostility sets a precedent for adults. Furthermore, through exemplary encounters, it poignantly demonstrates that two gangs of children, who show no respect even to their enemies, actually teach important lessons that adults should teach in real life.   Considering that, as all children are told to do during childhood and adolescence, we imitate our elders by taking them as role models, it's clear that emulating children will actually advance us in this work. However, it's important to note that in a world where children are educated in this way, adults also share this character.   Children, or rather, young people, are like litmus papers. Whatever we learn from our families in childhood, we build the truths and realities of our lives on that knowledge. If we have received fundamental training from our families, such as respect, love, and the ability to keep one's word, then, regardless of external factors, it will eventually be possible to preserve the essence of our essence.   The work, which expresses to the reader in a different and extraordinary way that we must first have exemplary parents in order to raise an exemplary society, contains very valuable messages for readers of all ages.   In conclusion, the work clearly demonstrates why it is considered a modern classic, a reference work from which readers of all ages can learn important lessons about life.               MY QUOTES(*) :   This famous Hungarian work, The Boys of Paul Street, has been translated into many languages and is popular in the United States, as well as in Italy, Germany, England, and Sweden. The book was first published in 1906. Therefore, it is necessary to point this out to avoid the illusion that this work is the result of the emotions aroused by the two wars that have occurred since then, or to show that it would be a mistake to perceive the shirt color of one of the warring parties as a reference to quasi-military and modern political formations. ( End of Excerpts from the Preface ) Anyone who has even a passing knowledge of business etiquette in the world knows that the price of goods is directly proportional to the risk involved. Boka rarely spoke nonsense and disliked the jokes played by his classmates. He avoided his friends' fights, and despite refereeing being an honorable duty, he stayed away. Experience had taught him that no matter what the decision, one side would be dissatisfied, and the blame would fall on the referee. Nemecsek happily followed commands. Some children enjoy obeying orders, but many prefer to be the ones in charge. That's the nature of humankind. That's why everyone except Nemecsek is senior. Gerebîn's words weren't yet met with unconditional trust within the gang. Such was the fate of criminals. Even when they spoke the truth, they couldn't be trusted, but the general's words dispelled all distrust. According to reliable war correspondents, the greatest danger in war is confusion. Commanders-in-Chief fear the smallest disturbances on the battlefields, which can create a wave of panic in a matter of seconds, more than hundreds of weapons. Chewing paste is not common among the French; indeed, the pastes used in our country are not suitable for chewing. However, according to the famous novel we are reading, this is an appropriate behavior for children, and Hungarians have since noted that chewing paste has become common among young people in the country, and even among glaziers. ( End of Work Excerpts )   MY EVALUATIONS:   Subject : The story is about the adventures of a gang formed by a group of high school students and their struggle to control an empty playground they designated as their territory.   Style: It should be noted that the work has a simple and clear narrative from the outset. This allows the intended messages and plot to be conveyed to the reader more effectively.   Originality : Although the topics it covers are adapted from the realities of a certain period, it should be noted that it is one of the books that can be considered original in terms of its narrative style and its ability to make the reader feel in the shoes of children.   Character : The character scheme in the work is at a sufficient level according to the genre of the book, and is built on the backbone of two main characters and 5 supporting characters, rather than side characters that would make it difficult for the reader to follow.   Fluency : Considering the elements mentioned in the style and subject section, it can easily be stated that the work has a language that is both engaging and fluent.   General : In the evaluation made out of 10 in accordance with the criteria stated above:   Subject: 8.5 Style: 8 Originality: 8 Characters: 8 Fluency: 8.5   The book, which received 8.2 points, has an overall average score of 8.2 . Passing the 8 threshold and earning an 8 or higher in all categories, it clearly demonstrates why it is among the modern classics. In this respect, it deserves a place on the bookshelf of readers of all ages as a reference book.   (*) : All parts in the Quotations heading: THE PAUL STREET BOYS Author : Ferenc Molnar Publisher : Olympia Publications Edition : Istanbul - 2024 The photo used on the cover was used as a quote from the book.

Letters MY COMMENTS :   In this work, which covers some of the letters written by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk between 1912 and 1937, Atatürk's thoughts and attitudes towards the current situation in our country are seen directly in his own words.   Atatürk, whose letters indicate that he began to attract attention while performing his military service in the Ottoman Empire, frequently expressed his disagreements with the government. However, as can be seen in the excerpts, he himself admitted in his letters that the government, and even the sultan himself, had significant influence on the Samsun assignment that initiated the War of Independence. He knew that otherwise, like other high-ranking officers, he would have been sentenced to prison in Istanbul.   During the period of the War of Independence, it is clear, especially after the Sivas Congress of 1919, that he began communicating with other foreign powers, albeit without official status. His initiation of bilateral talks with both Europeans and the United States attracted the attention of Britain, in particular. His significant advancement of relations with the United States is evident in the candid words he wrote to Roosevelt after the founding of the republic.   Atatürk, who constantly negotiated with the Europeans on capitulations, clearly stated in an interview with a French journalist that capitulations were not open to discussion.   Regarding the caliphate, Atatürk quickly changed his views, though not directly stating in his letters that he was unable to make decisions on this matter on his own. While Atatürk in 1922 favored the continuation of the caliphate without any problems as long as the executive power remained in the Turkish Grand National Assembly, in 1924 he chose to support this view with different arguments. Consequently, it can be perceived that he abolished the caliphate, one of the most important ways for a newly established republic to pose a renewed threat to other major world powers, in the interest of the state's continuity during that period. It is clear that considerable pressure was exerted on him on this matter, as can be seen in quotes 11 and 18 from his interviews with foreign journalists.   One of the frequently debated issues is the rumor that Atatürk was particularly suspicious of foreign doctors during his years of illness. A letter written in June 1938, in particular, expresses disapproval of the appointment of a doctor without his consent. He even stated that the doctors had given him erroneous diagnoses. However, the omission of other controversial letters on this subject in the work has failed to alleviate some doubts about the incident in question.   Another point worth noting is Atatürk's use of the term "Turkish people" rather than "Turkish nation" in a letter from 1922. Because this concept, particularly after the founding of the Republic, provided the basis for the uprisings of many ethnic groups in our country, the term "Turkish nation" was added to our Constitution and defined. However, it is clear that Anatolia had been called "Turkey" for centuries before the Republic was founded, and the term "Turkey" was clearly used before the Republic was founded.   Because the work generally covers the topics covered through superficially known letters, it will not satisfy readers curious about the details of Atatürk's life. It is clear that very few letters are used to provide background information on some events still debated today, and that some letters contain generally accepted statements, so it would be more prudent to utilize alternative sources. For the reasons mentioned, it is clear that more extensive research on this topic is necessary, particularly examining Atatürk's other letters.   In conclusion, it is beneficial to examine this work, which provides both general information and concrete data on the life of our country's founder, Commander-in-Chief Ghazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. However, it is clear that additional sources are necessary for more detailed information.               MY QUOTES(*) :   It is a psychological phenomenon that a person has to work extraordinarily hard and make sacrifices to achieve some friendships in life. (1915) Istanbul added that British political officials in the East were generally misguided in their understanding of the Turks and their policy toward Thrace, and that the Istanbul community and the Ottoman government center were the detrimental factors in this. In our lengthy meeting with General Harbord, Head of the American Investigative Committee, in Sivas, it was understood that the person in question and all the Americans in the East were in our favor, and from the reliable information received later, the report was in our favor. However, it was admitted that the American people would not easily escape the influence of the propaganda they had been hearing against us for years. Europeans' intentions regarding Turkey are centered on the maximum and permanent security of their interests in our country. The reasons and pretexts they seek to lay to prepare and ensure the groundwork for their interests are: the inability of the Ottoman Government and the guarantee of the protection of minorities. (1919) In a letter to his mother, Zübeyde Hanım, he wrote, “ As you know, while I was in Istanbul, foreign powers were putting tremendous pressure on the state and the nation, imprisoning and arresting all our men capable of serving the nation, and exiling some to Malta, causing everyone distress. Somehow, they hadn’t touched me. However, as soon as I landed in Samsun as the Third Army Inspector, the British became suspicious of me and asked the government why I was leaving. Finally, they demanded that I be summoned to Istanbul, and they insisted on it. The government, in turn, tried to deceive me into coming to Istanbul and surrendering to the British. I realized this immediately. I wrote to our Sultan about the true situation and informed him that I would not be able to come. His Majesty initially approved. But later, the British pressure increased. Finally, he ordered me to return to Istanbul.” (1920) I wanted to take this opportunity to reiterate my admiration for the United States, especially since our two countries share the same ideal of universal peace and the happiness of humanity. Your loyalty. (1937) When necessary, I will give my life to the Turkish nation as my greatest gift (1937) My duty is this: I believe that due to the doctors' erroneous opinions and judgments, the disease has not stopped but has progressed. Vomiting, which occurred after standing up and walking prematurely, and especially after the nasal dressing (direct dressing of the tonsillar tissue with various solutions), has negated the rest I had taken. When I arrived in Istanbul, the government, without seeking my approval, brought Fissenger in. We were examined again. They found his liver to be no different from its previous state, and his abdomen had accumulated several pounds, and was swollen and deformed due to water and gas. For now, they deemed it necessary to continue treatment and complete rest under the new regime until July 15th. (1938) Our nation, which does not favor bloodshed, is ready for peace and reconciliation negotiations if they wish to surrender their rights and evacuate their homeland immediately. We would prefer these negotiations to be conducted directly with the Greek government. We also welcome America's good will and humanitarianism. You're talking to me about the interests of Europeans, and especially the French, in the East. First and foremost, it must be known that the Grand National Assembly Government will never accept the abolition of the capitulations. If foreign subjects think of benefiting from them in the future, as they did in the past, they are mistaken. Capitulations do not exist for us, and they never will. However, provided that Türkiye's independence is fully and completely affirmed in every field, our doors will be widely open to all foreigners. In the twentieth century, it is unacceptable to seize our freedom and restore and establish the sovereignty of others. We will preserve the Caliphate. On the condition that the Grand National Assembly and the nation will be the Caliph's support and strength. Regarding the Caliphate, I believe that preserving the current procedure is preferable. This is the simplest and most easily implemented method. Essentially, this issue does not concern Türkiye alone; it concerns the entire Islamic world. (1922) The Turkish Grand National Assembly government, which was established by taking control of the fate of the Turkish people, and everyone else, should know clearly that the people of today are not a people who will tolerate seeing their will in the hands of someone else for centuries, and the main point that needs to be understood is that the people and government of today are not adventurous people who, in pursuit of excessive ambitions, forget their own homes and leave them in ruins. (1922) I explained my intention to the chiefs of the General Staff, whose conscience I was confident of, and requested their assistance in any way possible to prevent any difficulties arising in my actions. When I stopped at the Sublime Porte before boarding the ship, the Council of Ministers, having received news of this Greek aggression, was in assembly. (1921) Only those who can think of those who come after them can enable their nations to survive and progress. It would be a mistake to assume that progress and movement will cease when they are gone. If there is no peace and good relations in the world and among the nations of the world, a nation is deprived of peace no matter what it does for itself. All world events clearly affect us. We cannot know whether an event we consider the most distant will not touch us one day. (1937) The Caliphate is merely a myth from the past that no longer has any place in our time. Tunisians, Egyptians, Indians, and other Muslims are under British and French rule. A new Caliph will soon be appointed in Cairo. Turkey has clearly and unequivocally separated itself from its religious past and is walking on the path of progress, free from all difficulties. (1924)   MY EVALUATIONS:   Subject : In the work, Atatürk's thoughts and attitudes towards the situation in our country are seen directly in his own words.   Style: While the work's nature as a collection of letters might initially preclude any expectations of literary merit, Atatürk's proficiency in multiple languages demonstrates his exceptional literary style. His detailed descriptions of his thoughts on both technical and political matters convey the feeling of a direct conversation with Atatürk.   Originality : The work will not be evaluated in this category due to its nature.   Character : The work will not be evaluated in this category due to its nature.   Fluency : Although the work does not have a gripping structure due to its type, it can be said that it has a fluent narrative when the issues mentioned in the style section are taken into consideration.   General : In the evaluation made out of 10 in accordance with the criteria stated above:   Topic: 8 Style: 8.5 Fluency: 7.5   The overall average for the work, which received 8 points, is 8. Despite being a compilation of letters, the work, which managed to reach the 8-point threshold, is definitely worth examining because it offers insights into some of the most frequently asked questions about Atatürk's life. However, it should also be noted that if the publisher had chosen some letters with more detailed narratives, the work would have been less likely to reveal more unknown and curious matters about Atatürk.   (*) : All sections under the title My Quotations: LETTERS Author : Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Publishing House : Dokuz Publications Edition : 3rd Edition – November 2021 The photo used on the cover was used as a quote from the book.

A Summary On The Soul MY COMMENTS :   In the work written by Ibn Sina at the beginning of the 11th century, an evaluation of the mind and soul was made and research was conducted far beyond its time.   Although Ibn Sina is often called the "Macchiavelli of the East," it is clear that even this term was coined by Western orientalists, as Machiavelli was born approximately 100 years after Ibn Sina.   From the outset, the author provides important definitions of the mind, soul, senses, and intuition. Human perception methods are detailed, and detailed descriptions demonstrate that the soul exists independently of the human body, a phenomenon rarely seen in other living beings.   The work summarizes the soul's multifaceted examination under ten headings, concisely and comprehensively. Despite the briefness of the topics covered, the author's extensive knowledge and theoretical explanation are evident in every sentence. His narratives, using scientific terminology far ahead of its time, warrant rereading some sections.   However, all the examples and definitions provided in the work clearly convey the intended ultimate message to the reader. These references address the realities inherent in worldly life, which humans can perceive through their eyes and minds. Furthermore, they also discuss an infinite intelligence and consciousness, referred to as the rational mind, that exists independently of human existence. This concept is defined as the human soul, a concept that accompanies the human body and yet continues to exist independently of it.   As can be seen, the work contains significant technical terminology, and the inclusion of these definitions further clarifies the narrative. However, considering the 11th century, it's clear that this is a rather complex book, still containing many valid theories.   In conclusion, the work can be considered as one of the books that people of all ages should definitely read and that was written by one of the thinkers who is more important than the western thinkers.               MY QUOTES(*) :   The bonds that bound the elite to the common man would be severed, and the flock's trust in the shepherd would be shattered. The delicate would no longer be able to be strong by the strength of the strong, nor would the lowly rise by the protection and encouragement of the upper class. Whoever fails to know himself is likely to fail to know his Creator. How can anyone considered an authority in a field be trusted when he is still ignorant of his own subject? I have seen more in the Book of God, where He points out the measure of its truth. " They forgot God, so He caused them to forget themselves ." (Surat al-Hashr, verse 19) Spiritual faculties stand out and attract attention in terms of their ordinary and exceptional qualities—in other words, general and specific—as being delimited and determined under three classes or degrees. The first of these, due to the involvement of animals and plants, is known as the vegetal or vegetable power; the second is known as the animal power; and the third is known as the power of speech or rational capacity. Therefore, the primary parts of the soul, when considered from the perspective of their powers, are three in number. A living body is a natural composite structure, distinguished from a nonliving one not by its body but by its soul, and this allows animals to perform a wide variety of actions because of its soul, not its body. It is alive because of its soul, not because of its body, and its soul is within it. Spirited bodies, that is, the possession of souls, if viewed from the vegetable powers, have been found to be of a form common in nutrition but differing in growth and reproduction. The vegetable powers are three in number: 1. Nutrition, 2. Growth, and 3. Reproduction. Of these, nutrition is the starting point; reproduction is the goal and, finally, growth is the connecting point of the beginning to the end. Nature demands a power to produce a living body by stimulating growth, and is endowed by Divine Providence with the power to give growth. Divine Providence has deemed it appropriate to give most animals the power of smell. Of the senses most useful, sight comes next. Divine Providence has deemed it appropriate to grant living beings (animals) the unique capacity for participation (or sense), that is, the power to picture and the power to retain what is remembered, so that they can preserve the forms of objects perceived by the senses. This allows them to grasp the objects perceived by the senses and preserve the meanings they derive from them. It has deemed it appropriate to grant them the power of imagination, so that they can decide what they want to retain or what they want to erase from memory. The power of perception is either external, such as the five senses, or internal, such as the power of imaging, imagining, guessing, and dreaming. This power is to grasp objects grasped by the mind, not with the cooperation of the body, but only by oneself. The power that grasps objects grasped by the mind becomes more powerful in its work as it perceives more complex mental concepts, therefore it does not need a tool in the process of perception and therefore perceives by itself. Anything that does less than the infinite is finite; therefore, the power and sum of each of the two halves are finite, and hence the sum of the two finite ones is itself finite, while it has been claimed to be infinite, which is a contradiction. The rational power, however, is powerful enough to perform many infinite tasks; we see that the geometric, arithmetical, and philosophical forms that the rational power must perform, among other actions, are infinite. Therefore, the rational power is not in the body or waiting; it is therefore its own and is an essence of itself. The decay of one of the two adjacent essences does not follow or participate in the decay of the other. Therefore, the death of the body does not necessarily precede the death of the soul, which is what we wish to demonstrate. Not every judgment we make through our sensory perceptions is applicable, but it may also be that what we do not perceive may differ from what we do perceive. That which attains its Perfector and connects itself to Him is secure against corruption, and moreover, it has not undergone corruption even during the severance of its connection with Him. Therefore, after death, the soul will remain and remain unshakable, connected to that noble essence called the universal intellect—which, in the language of lawgivers, is called Divine Knowledge.   MY EVALUATIONS:   Subject : In the work, an evaluation of the mind and soul was made and research that was far ahead of its time was discussed.   Style: As noted in the comments section, the work contains a theoretical and terminological narrative. Furthermore, the use of short, simple sentences makes the narrative more accessible. The fact that terms that were not fully grasped even in our time were explained with such technical prose at the time clearly demonstrates how far ahead of their time the author was.   Originality : Due to its nature, the work will not be considered in this category. However, it must be stated that it is certainly unusual in that it explores a subject far ahead of its time.   Character : The work will not be evaluated in this category due to its nature.   Fluency : Considering the points raised in the style section, it's clear that the work doesn't intend to emphasize fluidity and immersion. However, it should be noted that the use of such short and simple sentences in a highly technical language allows for the most fluid narrative possible.   General : In the evaluation made out of 10 in accordance with the criteria stated above:   Topic: 9 Style: 8 Fluency: 6   The overall average score for the work, which received 8.7 points, is 7.7 . Considering the work's genre and the theoretical narrative of its subject, a score close to 8 is quite significant, demonstrating the importance of its messages. In this respect, it's definitely worth reading and thoroughly examining.   (*) : All sections under the title My Quotations: A SUMMARY ON THE SOUL Author : Ibn Sina Publisher : Gece Kitaplığı Publishing Edition : 1st Edition – December 2019 The photo used on the cover was used as a quote from the book.

Dream MY COMMENTS :   The work, written by the author Arthur Schnitzler, is about the mysterious events that the main character named Fridolin experiences.   The novel is also the book upon which the famous film Eyes Wide Shot was adapted. In the novel, the main character, a doctor, encounters a musician friend named Nachtigall and learns that his friend will be performing as a musician at a meeting of secret organizations. The main character then rents robes and a mask to accompany him to a detached house on the outskirts of the city. He manages to enter the house disguised as a monk by reciting the password, which changes with each meeting. However, upon entering, a woman disguised as a nun recognizes him and tells him to leave, but the main character ignores this.   Finally, while trying to reach another area with the nun, he is asked for another password and is exposed for not knowing it. Surrounded by judges, the main character is rescued by the woman disguised as a nun. However, the nun's fate, which she declares will sacrifice herself to save him, remains unclear.   After that night, the doctor goes to the morgue to identify the woman who risked being sacrificed for him, but he cannot fully diagnose the woman he sees there by looking at her body.   The main character's wife, Albertine, has a dream the night she attends the ball, leading the reader to question whether her husband is a member of a religious order. In the dream, she states that a Danish nun saved her, and also mentions that she has been condemned to death by a large number of people.   Rather than providing clear clues throughout his narrative, the author has chosen to make the reader suspect certain passages and draw inferences. Even at the end of the work, it's unclear whether his wife is a member of the cult, and it's also stated that the doctor's investigations were interrupted by his inability to attend another ball.   As expressed in the quotes on the last page of the work, Albertine's words show that she faced her husband's experiences in a cool and composed manner, and also managed to attract attention again with a much calmer reaction than a person who is a stranger to this world should give, and continued to leave the reader in doubt.   Although the work does not progress quickly in the beginning due to the environmental descriptions and character analyses, it succeeds in drawing the reader in due to its quite impressive story.   It is known that the director, who died shortly after the film's release, was threatened by certain groups to refrain from filming certain scenes. While the film's plot is said to be based on the aforementioned work, the author appears to have kept the details to a minimum, avoiding any detailed discussion of the cult.   In conclusion, the work can be considered as one of the works that should definitely be examined by readers who are interested in unusual novels and plots.   MY QUOTES(*) :   Fridolin: " What does it mean to you, unknown gentlemen, whether you finish this festive comedy, even if it's supposed to end seriously, or not? Whoever you are, gentlemen, you live a different life than here. But even here, I don't play a comedy, and if I've always been forced to do so, I'm giving up now ." What significance did another's life, or one's own, have? Should one risk one's life only out of duty or self-sacrifice, or could one not do so out of pleasure, ambition, or a temptation to compete with fate? Albertine “ I am certain enough to sense that the truth of one night, or even the truth of a whole human life, is not the deepest truth of that human life .”   MY EVALUATIONS:   Subject : The work is about the mysterious events that the main character named Fridolin experienced.   Style: Although the work, which is prepared with a simple and clear narrative, initially gives the impression of a situation-based story with environmental descriptions and character analysis, it is understood that we are facing an event-based story thanks to the complex and mysterious plot that follows.   Originality : The book clearly stands out as one of the most original books in terms of its subject matter. Given the scarcity of books on secret organizations, a subject that continues to spark considerable curiosity even today, it can be considered one that will retain its originality for a long time to come.   Character : In addition to the main character and supporting characters, the work features three or four supporting characters. For a story set in a crowded setting, it's crucial to avoid distracting the reader by not expanding the character set too much.   Fluency : Considering the points mentioned in the style section, it should be noted that while the work initially lacked fluidity, it eventually became quite fluid. However, it should also be clearly stated that the work's subject matter is compelling.   General : In the evaluation made out of 10 in accordance with the criteria stated above:   Topic: 8 Style: 8 Originality: 8.5 Characters: 8 Fluency: 7.5   The overall average of the work, which received 8 points, is 8. Reaching the 8 threshold and with its gripping story, it definitely deserves to be among the books that must be read.   (*) : All sections under the title My Quotations: DREAM Author : Arthur Schnitzler Publisher : Zeplin Publishing Edition : 1st Edition - 2019 The photo used on the cover was used as a quote from the book.

Türkiye's Early Years MY COMMENTS :   The work, which is a compilation of the speeches of Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of our state, in the parliament and the CHP Congress between 1924 and 1937, covers Atatürk's speeches on the plans of our country in every field and the goals achieved in this direction.   In the first five years of the Republic, it's clear that the railways were given special attention, particularly in speeches addressing housing and infrastructure. During the same period, it was frequently mentioned that the judiciary was trained and given orientation training in accordance with the new laws.   Additionally, some of the planned changes to the education system, another element of importance in the early years, were also mentioned. The elements consistently mentioned by Atatürk in his speeches focused on justice and the education system. The importance of these two pillars, which constitute the fundamental building blocks of the country, was clearly expressed at the time.   In the second five years, in addition to prioritizing railways and transportation, numerous tax supports and tax abolitions for farmers were discussed to fulfill the requirements of an agricultural society. It was clearly emphasized that efforts were being made to improve competitiveness in international markets by keeping taxation low on imported and industrial goods, particularly those benefiting small businesses and industrialists.   In the third five years, the recurrence of various global crises seems to have heightened Atatürk's security concerns, in particular. Support for the Aeroplane Society and the focus on submarine production and shipyard production appear to be among the notable measures in this regard. Indeed, in his 1936 inaugural address, he explicitly warned that countries would enter a significant arms race within the next year, and that Türkiye should therefore prepare for every contingency now.   In addition to discussing the country's development and reforms, Atatürk also touched upon several political crises, briefly mentioning the Seyit Rıza and Sheikh Said rebellions. However, because the final discussion of the Tunceli events occurred during Atatürk's final years, Celal Bayar's speech was clearly and decisively worded, concluding with a strong message.   Atatürk, who faced numerous rebellions during his reign, not only suppressed these rebellions but also undertook significant defense investments to keep the army vigorous against other threats and to advance the newly established country's infrastructure and employment. The construction of approximately 500 km of railway in just one year remains a significant infrastructure investment, considering the conditions of the time and the country's resources.   Our naval fleet, as Atatürk outlined from that time on, has now reached its modern age, reaching a highly developed level in many areas, supported entirely by national capital. It is also well known that many governments that succeeded us until the early 2000s failed to meet Atatürk's requirements for reaching the level of contemporary civilizations in terms of employment.   In conclusion, the work can be considered as one of the books that should be among the reference books in order to better understand both Atatürk's intellectual life and the early years of our country.               MY QUOTES(*) :   ( Excerpts from the Inaugural Address of November 1, 1924 ) Our Treasury, with its first step toward reforming age-old taxes like the census tax, immediately brought relief to the public. The fact that the republican administration has reached a financial level within a year that allows it to propose to the Grand National Assembly the abolition of the tithe, the most merciless scourge of the Middle Ages that still plagues the country, is truly worthy of satisfaction and gratitude. The efforts being made to ensure that members of the Republican judiciary, down to the most junior officials, possess scientific competence and the ideal of the republic are commendable. While institutions that ensure scientific competence are prioritized, attention should also be focused on the swift enactment of laws that will underpin the Republican judiciary. The Aeroplane Society, established by the citizens' own initiative, gives hope for a broad sense of relief with the products it has provided in a short time. ( Excerpts from the Opening Year Speech of November 1, 1926 ) I appreciate the astonishment and accuracy shown by our judges as we enter the implementation phase of the Civil Code, Penal Code and Commercial Code, which you have accepted among the general reforms. The vicious attempts of those who see their ambitions and inner selves as unsatisfied in the path of the nation's salvation have always been, and always will be, defeated by the national will. The assassination, which emerged as the latest manifestation of these attempts, is regrettable not because of its connection to our insignificant individual, but because it demonstrates a reactionary mindset so corrupt that it contemplates using a prestigious position like parliamentary membership as a tool for attack. The Law on the Maintenance of Order, which the Grand National Assembly has implemented out of necessity to counter those who seek to divert our nation from the path it has charted in recent years through various deceptions and confusion, is a product of this principle. It is clear that the Law on the Maintenance of Order in no way restricts freedom of thought or the press, despite all evil acts and abuses. It is worthy of the Grand Assembly's consideration and evaluation that the law, implemented within these limits, should remain in force for an appropriate period, if necessary, to uphold its vital principles, such as the defense and strengthening of peace and security, reforms, and revolutions essential to the life of the nation. ( Excerpts from the Opening Speech of the CHP Grand Congress, October 15, 1927 ) We witnessed this blessed support during the earthquakes around Izmir and, more recently, in Kalecik. Citizens demonstrated the courage and strength to recover quickly from the damage caused by the Torbalı earthquake, which, it is fortunately understood, was not as significant as the initial concerns. We have been particularly distressed by the drought that has continued severely this year in some of our provinces. The relative balance in the country's overall production, on the one hand, and the measures and aid focused on arid regions, on the other, have adequately mitigated the effects of the drought. The number of Red Crescent members, who have doubled over the past year, has once again proven how generously they provide a treasure trove of compassion for times of disaster and need. Similarly, I would like to stimulate general interest in the development of the Child Protection Society (Child Protection Agency). The drafts of the Criminal Procedure Law, Maritime Trade, Commercial Bankruptcy, and Enforcement Law will be presented to you during this period. Our educational activities aim to ensure that primary education is effectively broadcast and compulsory, that educational unity is ensured in the country, that secondary education is intensified and facilitated with good means, that vocational training is provided throughout the country from primary and secondary levels to the highest level, and that higher education is compatible with the needs of this century in terms of both quantity and value. The great Turkish nation can only escape ignorance with minimal effort and a shortcut, using such a tool that easily fits its beautiful and original language. This key to literacy is the Turkish alphabet, derived from the Latin alphabet. A simple experiment has revealed how well the ancient Turkish alphabet is suited to the Turkish language, and how easily older Turkish children, in both cities and villages, can read and write. We prioritize the rapid establishment of agricultural institutes. The launch of agricultural cooperatives this year is particularly gratifying. We believe it is essential to expand these cooperatives throughout the country. Similarly, providing land to farmers is a matter that the government must constantly monitor. Providing working Turkish peasants with sufficient land to cultivate is one of the primary means of enriching the country's production. In the year since our last statement in the Grand National Assembly, 445 km of railway has been relaid in our country. It has been decided to relaid another 500 km within a year. ( Excerpts from the Opening Year Speech of November 1, 1930 ) The establishment of the Central Bank of the Republic and the offering of its shares to the citizens are very close. The re-emergence of parties in our political life took place in the recent days leading up to the municipal elections in the country. The fruitful development of mutual activity in the political arena can only be achieved by preventing hostility from arising among citizens. The solutions to this are to ensure that insincere and ulterior motives within political parties, and those who seek outcomes beyond the law, are met with nationwide hatred. Furthermore, parties working on the principles of the republic must always distance themselves from the activities of such individuals. ( Excerpts from the Opening Speech of November 1, 1933 ) There is no doubt that half-measures are fruitless. As in all our endeavors, it is our firm decision to proceed with radical measures in education and the newly established university. This year, we accepted a response visit from a distinguished Soviet delegation. The coincidence of this visit with the tenth anniversary of the Soviet Union's visit was a happy occasion, demonstrating the deep sincerity of relations between our two countries. ( Excerpts from the Opening Year Speech of November 1, 1934 ) The length of new railways currently under construction exceeds 500 km. Including those purchased, the length of our state-owned railways exceeds 5,000 km. The measure of a nation's new transformation is its ability to embrace and comprehend change in music. The music we attempt to present today is far from being a source of pride. We must be clear about this. It is necessary to collect sublime sayings and expressions that express national, subtle emotions and thoughts, and to process them according to the latest, general musical principles of the day. Only in this way can Turkish national music rise and take its place in universal music. ( Excerpts from the Opening Speech of the CHP Congress, March 9, 1935 ) Another significant event in the past four years has been the Balkan Pact. The four states have united with a sincere conviction for their own security and to prevent the Balkans from becoming a source of confusion and confusion. The Balkan Pact is increasingly becoming one of the main cornerstones of European peace. The international situation is undergoing a delicate crisis. The old and great conflict has reached a fever pitch with the latest clashes. However, considering global trends, we are convinced of the need to remain vigilant, prepared, and alert. ( Excerpts from the Inaugural Speech of November 1, 1935 ) We feel the need to expand our internal administrative organization, starting with the eastern regions of the country. The re-establishment of two general inspectors (inspectorates) and the re-establishment of some provinces is also deemed necessary. Meanwhile, the implementation of a comprehensive reform program in the Dersim region is also being considered. We expect significant benefits from the general inspectors who ensure the continuous inspection of our provinces and the central oversight of their common affairs. The primary need of our eastern provinces is to connect them with our central and western provinces by railways. Recent international events have confirmed once again the vital importance of a powerful air force for the Turkish nation. ( Excerpts from the Opening Year Speech of November 1, 1936 ) Our goal in primary education is to make this universal as soon as possible. Demand for art and technical schools has increased. For higher education, I hope that the new and most challenging step will be taken by establishing Ankara University, starting with the medical school. It is a pleasure for me to talk about the establishment of a conservatory and a performance academy in Ankara. The 5,500-year-old material Turkish historical documents unearthed by the Historical Society's excavations at Alacahöyük are of a nature that will re-examine and deepen world cultural history. I am delighted to have witnessed firsthand the illuminating results of the recent Language Congress, convened with the participation of numerous European scholars. The necessary organization must be established to implement the Labor Law. Furthermore, new laws should be drafted for maritime and agricultural workers. This year, Ziraat Bank's new draft law will be among your work topics. Following your laws regulating banks and credit distribution, establishing and expanding cooperatives, these new works of yours will be productive in the credit life of the country. We will continue our policy of reducing taxes as long as it's necessary to make life cheaper. The bold reductions you've made in the past two years on salt, sugar, cement, and census taxes have been beneficial in every respect. Since we are in the implementation period of a new program, our air forces are still far from reaching the level we desire. I must mention, first and foremost, the visit of His Majesty Edward VIII, King of England, in disguise, and the commencement of the implementation of the new regime in the Straits, as envisaged by the Montreux Convention. From now on, warships of any belligerent state are prohibited from passing through the Straits. The coming year promises to be a year of major preparations, marked by negotiations and arms races. We sincerely hope that the disputes between states will lead to agreements. ( Excerpts from the Inaugural Speech of November 1, 1937 ) I am happy to say before you that no obstacle has been, and will not be, left to our nation's consideration in achieving the high level of civilization and prosperity it deserves. The results of our actions in Tunceli are a close manifestation of this truth. The principle of advanced government is to make the people sincerely believe in their compassion as well as their power. Our economic growth is increasing our need for maritime transportation vehicles daily. Some of the newly ordered vessels will arrive next spring. It is necessary to build new vessels and, in particular, to reactivate the old shipyard as a repair and new construction center for our merchant fleet. Railways are a sacred torch that illuminates a country with the light of civilization and prosperity. Lines reaching large distances in the East and South, such as Sivas and Diyarbakır, were connected to each other with the Sivas-Malatya connection last year. You know that the Eastern Railways have been purchased. With the exception of the line to Nusaybin in the south, the administration and operation of all railways within the country are now in the hands of the republican government. During the years of implementation of our railway construction policy, 78 bridges have been opened to traffic. Another 23 bridges are under construction. The development of state revenues should be sought in the improvement of existing tax levying and collection methods through a continuous program rather than in the imposition of new taxes. We see that the reductions in taxes and duties on animals, salt, sugar, cement, oil and gasoline, electricity, and raw materials, which have been made in the last two years and represent a reduction of thirty to fifty percent in each tax, have yielded positive and beneficial results for the citizens and the country in terms of encouraging production. Furthermore, all taxes and duties that make it difficult to compete with foreign products by affecting the cost of production and the raw materials that are not produced in our country should be abolished. For now, the country should be conceived as three major cultural regions. For the western region, the reform program initiated at Istanbul University must be implemented more radically, bringing a truly modern university to the republic. For the central region, Ankara University must be established soon. And for the eastern region, action must now be taken to create a modern cultural city, complete with elementary schools of all levels and, ultimately, a university, in a prime location on the shores of Lake Van. This year, we started building submarines in our country. The negotiations, which took place under the high auspices of the League of Nations, resulted in the acceptance and signature of documents that will ensure our aim of providing the people of Hatay with the happy and independent administration they deserve. It is known to the world that our fundamental program in statecraft is the Republican People's Party. The principles it encompasses are guiding principles in both administration and politics. However, these principles should never be equated with the dogmas of books believed to have descended from heaven. We derive our inspiration not from the heavens or the unseen, but directly from life itself. ( Excerpts from the Opening Speech of Prime Minister Celal Bayar, November 1, 1938 ) The mass banditry incidents in Tunceli, which had continued for many years and sometimes took a violent form, were eliminated in a short time as a result of work within a specific program, and were consigned to history so that such incidents would never be repeated in that region. New legal measures have been taken to ensure the stability of our revolution. To this end, stronger sanctions have been imposed on crimes against the state's personality and state forces in the Turkish Penal Code. Halkbank funds were established to provide small tradesmen and small industrialists with the loans they needed. The Grand National Assembly made a very appropriate move by establishing Denizbank. I would like to point out that the number of major bridges opening onto the pass has reached 115 this year, and I hope that their number will be increased rapidly in proportion to the need. Despite significant reductions in some taxes, collections showed an increase of 29 million liras last year than the estimated revenue. I would like to note as an important event for our cultural life that this year, education in our schools has begun with books written in Turkish terms. Our valuable army, whose glorious name we feel immense pride and peace of mind whenever we remember it, has once again demonstrated its ever-increasing power and capability in the maneuvers it carried out under the most difficult and harsh conditions of nature in the Eastern region this summer. The stages the Hatay issue has gone through over the past year are well known. The temporary, joint occupation by Turkish and French troops was a clear indication of this agreement. Finally, Hatay gained its National Assembly and independence. The independent state of Hatay is now busy organizing its police forces and ensuring the country's internal security with its own means. I would like to mention the trade agreement signed with the British government and also the trade and armament credit agreement of 16 million British pounds, and the law annexed to it has been submitted to your high approval. A few days ago, an agreement was reached with the distinguished German Minister of Economics, Mr. Funk, who visited our country, on the principles of a loan of 150 million marks.   MY EVALUATIONS:   Although it consists of official speeches, it should be stated that it is a must-read for those who want to read the messages it contains and the recent history of our country directly from the mouth of its founder.   (*) : All sections under the title My Quotations: TÜRKİYE'S EARLY YEARS Author : Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Publishing House : Can Publishing Edition : 4th Edition – June 2024 The photo used on the cover was used as a quote from the book.

Confession MY COMMENTS :   The work, written by the famous writer Tolstoy, discusses the author's thoughts on the meaning of life and religious beliefs.   Written in the 1870s, the author's own confessions about his changes in faith from childhood are recounted. The work sometimes proceeds in a conversational tone with the reader, and at other times, the author spontaneously produces abstract narratives and essays.   The author's constant changes in religious beliefs appear to have played a role in his evolving perspective on the meaning of life. Although a devout Orthodox Christian from a young age, in his youth, he and his schoolmates lost their belief in God and came to believe that all religions were lies to society. It's clear that this belief stemmed primarily from the influence of his schoolmates and friends. During this period, the author stated that he distanced himself from religion because people constantly praised evil and, succumbing to their everyday ambitions, disparaged good and virtuous actions. Here, he specifically addresses those who appear religious but never practice the good and moral values implied by religion.   The author, who soon became consumed by suicidal thoughts, went through a period of profound depression, claiming that even if God existed, He hadn't sent them for any specific purpose and that everything was created by chance. During this period, he perceived himself as a worthless, evil person, and expressed the meaninglessness of the world and life.   During periods when suicidal thoughts intensified, the author claimed that the meaning of life lies in the search for God, and stated that he had refrained from killing himself because he had found the purpose of holding on to life. Following this section, the author offered numerous criticisms of Christianity, stating that religious figures and religious rules contained rules that could not be applied in reality. In this respect, the author, like other Russian writers, expressed his opposition to the Orthodox Church. Furthermore, it can be seen that in the period following Tolstoy's death, prior to the Bolshevik Revolt, many Russian writers supported this movement and attempted to spread the ideology of Socialism throughout the world.   Despite his lifelong search for faith, the author's search for faith reveals that even in his death, he still failed to fully grasp the purpose of life. However, as the son of a wealthy family and having friends from the upper classes, he made observations that also influenced the public. However, the so-called upper class, which has existed since ancient times, has failed to truly grasp the true nature of the people, making observations and pretending to emulate their simple lives, unfortunately leads to the clichéd characterization of the author in this work. Specifically, the author, who wishes to be as simple as them, demonstrates a shallow understanding, claiming that the faith of believers is at its current level because they lack intelligence without much reflection. In this regard, an examination of quote number 15 reveals that the detached yet contemptuous thoughts of the children of the wealthy, the subject of many films and television series today, are equally intensely present.   As can be seen, in the work, Tolstoy manages to reveal to the reader a lost, lost man, lost in the meaning of life and unable to see any purpose in his own life. This weakness of faith, evident in both Russian and Western writers, leaves many people today struggling aimlessly through life. It is known that this understanding has led to the creation of a belief system called agnosticism. Unfortunately, this understanding, which lacks any underlying religious belief but merely acknowledges the existence of a Creator, not only undermines human values, but also stretches the boundaries of moral values. It also leads to a pointless, lazy mass of people who wander aimlessly, following whatever the wind may carry them. Moreover, it's quite possible that the author, as a result of this understanding, sees no meaning in life. Therefore, the consequences of being seduced by the notions of purposelessness and nothingness, put forward in an attempt to stretch religious values as supposedly modern but fundamentally underdeveloped individuals, are clearly demonstrated in the work. The baseless nature of this belief in emptiness, which has gained popularity both in our country and around the world, becomes even more apparent when research into our religion is conducted. As our religion teaches us, it's clear that the true meaning of our lives lies primarily in self-actualization, becoming more beneficial to society, and reaching the level God desires for humanity.   As a result, the work clearly shows that it is one of the books that can be examined with some awareness and social observations and important lessons can be learned.               MY QUOTES(*) :   1. People live a life like everyone else, but far from being associated with religious rules, everyone lives according to principles that are largely contrary to them; religious rules are not incorporated into life, they are never encountered in relationships with other people, and people do not observe them in their own lives; these religious rules are declared in a place distant from life and independent of it. 2. Whenever I tried to demonstrate my innermost desires—that is, to be a morally good person—I was met with scorn and ridicule; yet whenever I indulged in repulsive passions, they praised and encouraged me. The desire for position, the lust for power, self-interest, lust, arrogance, anger, revenge—all of these were respected. When I indulged in these passions, I resembled a grown-up and felt appreciated. 3. Everything that exists is rational. Everything that exists improves. And everything improves through education. Education is measured by the prevalence of books and newspapers. They pay us and respect us for writing books and newspaper articles, and that's why we are the most useful, the best people. 4. Whatever I do, it will all be forgotten, and sooner or later, I won't be around either. So why all the effort and hard work? How can someone fail to see this and continue living? That's the amazing thing! 5. I knew that art was an ornament of life, something that attracted people to life. 6. I was searching in all knowledge, and not only could I not find it, but I was convinced that all those who, like me, were also searching for answers in knowledge, found nothing, and that not only could they not find it, but they openly admitted that what had driven me to despair, namely, the meaninglessness of life, was the only indubitable knowledge that man could attain. 7. The approach of experimental sciences to questions about life can be generally expressed as follows: Question: “ What do I live for ?” Answer: “ In an infinitely large area, in an infinitely long time, infinitely small particles change with infinite complexity, and when you understand the reason for these changes, you will also understand why you live .” 8. To understand what one is, one must first understand what humanity is, which is full of mysteries and consists of people who, like oneself, do not understand themselves. 9. The subject of experimental science is the causal link between material phenomena. When experimental science questions the ultimate cause, absurdity emerges. Theoretical science, on the other hand, accepts the essence of life without questioning its cause. When we begin to examine phenomena with a connection between cause and effect as social and historical phenomena, another absurdity emerges. 10. Philosophy not only does not answer this question but also asks it itself. If it is strictly committed to its task, it can give no other answer to the question, " What am I and what is the world? " than "Everything and nothing." To the question, " Why does the world exist and why do I exist? " it can give no other answer than " I don't know ." 11. According to the theoretical side of knowledge, the world is infinite and incomprehensible. Human life is an incomprehensible part of this incomprehensible whole. 12. Humanity is a whole that has lived and lives pretending to understand because it is impossible to live without understanding the meaning of life; but I say that all of life is nonsense and that it is impossible for me to live. 13. Therefore, the meaning of life and the possibility of living can only be found in faith. And I realized that faith, in its most important sense, is not merely " the bringing to light of the unseen ," not merely inspiration, not merely man's relationship with God, not merely accepting what is told to man about how faith is understood more fully; faith is knowledge about the meaning of human life, which enables man to live, not to destroy himself. Faith is the power to live. If a person lives, they believe in something. If they did not believe that they should live, they would not live. If they do not see and understand that finite things are deceptive, they believe in that finite thing; if they understand that finite things are deceptive, they must believe in the infinite. It is impossible to live without faith. 14. We subject all these concepts—God, freedom, and goodness—to a logical examination, equating the finite with the infinite and achieving the meaning of life. These concepts cannot hold up against the criticism of reason. 15. Unlike those I saw in our circle, where life was spent in idleness, amusement, and dissatisfaction, I saw that these people lived their entire lives in hard work and were less dissatisfied with life than the wealthy. While our peers defied fate and became angry about their hardships and suffering, these people accepted illness and sorrow without surprise or resistance, calmly and with absolute certainty that all this was necessary and could not have been otherwise, that all of this was good. While the wiser we become, the less we understand the meaning of life, and the more we view suffering and death as a cruel mockery, these people lived, suffered, and moved toward death with serenity and, moreover, joy. 16. “ Live seeking God, and there will be no life without God .” Everything within me, everything around me, became illuminated more strongly than ever before, and this light has never left me. 17. The shore was God, the direction was devotion, the oars were the freedom to row toward the shore shown to me, that is, the freedom to join God. Thus, the power to live was revived within me, and I began to live again. 18. God created man in such a way that every human being can either kill or save his soul. Man's duty in life is to save his soul; to save his soul is to live according to God's commandments, and to live according to God's commandments is to abstain from all pleasures of life, to work, to submit, to be patient, and to be merciful. 19. “ Whatever people truly believe must be true; this truth may be expressed in different ways, but it cannot be a lie, so if this truth seems like a lie to me, it simply means that I do not understand it .” I also said to myself: “ The essence of every belief is that it gives life a meaning that will not disappear with death .” 20. Both lies and truth were told by what is called the church. Both lies and truth were in tradition, in the oral and written traditions called sacred.   MY EVALUATIONS:   Subject : The work deals with the author's thoughts on the meaning of the world and religious beliefs.   Style: Unlike the author's situation-based novels, a simpler and clearer narrative appears to greet the reader, as expected. The intended messages are conveyed through a direct and didactic style. In this respect, the work possesses a stylistic quality that is neither more nor less than required for its genre. It should also be noted that narratives can sometimes be more effective if abstract concepts are conveyed to the reader through concrete examples or other narrative styles. While the lack of fully concretizing the element in essay-style works can sometimes have a more negative impact, thanks to the author's simple narrative, this element does not have a significant negative impact.   Originality : The work, due to its genre, does not aim to meet this category. Therefore, while it will be evaluated, it should be reiterated that, specifically for the book, fluency and style are the most important categories.   Character : The work will not be evaluated in this category due to its nature.   Fluency : Considering the points mentioned in the style section, it's clear that the work has a generally fluid narrative. It's clear that fluency would be even higher if the message concretization element was fulfilled. However, it should be noted that due to its genre, it's unlikely to offer compelling elements to the reader.   General : In the evaluation made out of 10 in accordance with the criteria stated above:   Topic: 8 Style: 8 Originality: 4 Fluency: 7   The overall average score of the work, which received 6.8 points, is 6.8 . The work clearly shows that it is one of the essay books worth examining, as it almost reaches the 7 threshold for its genre.   (*) : All parts in the Quotations heading: ADMISSION Author : Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy Publisher : Türkiye İş Bankası Cultural Publications Edition : 4th Edition – October 2023 The photo used on the cover was used as a quote from the book.

CUSTOMS OF ANATOLIA THROUGHOUT THE AGES MY COMMENTS :   The work, written by archaeologist Musa Baran, provides chronological information about the customs and traditions of Anatolia throughout history.   The beginning of the work states that one of the most important reasons for the ancient culture of Anatolia and the presence of Turks in this region stems from our traditions in Central Asia. It also notes that, as Turks, we adapted to these lands quite quickly due to the similarities between many Anatolian traditions.   Despite having hosted societies with diverse civilizations and religious views, Anatolian people have been noted to still live in close fidelity to their ancient traditions. The author also discussed the artifacts and cultural exchanges left by Anatolian civilizations, stating that this has further enhanced the development of that culture.   The author, who stated that many famous people in world history grew up in Anatolian lands, stated that in addition to Yunus Emre, Köroğlu, and in our recent history, famous Turkish poets and thinkers such as Aşık Veysel, even St. Nicholas of Patara, known as Santa Claus, grew up in these lands.   The author also discussed in detail the importance attributed to women and land in Anatolia, particularly through significant historical artifacts, demonstrating how women and land are integrated in accordance with their nature. He explained that the Earth Mother Statuette at Çatalhöyük, along with the nurturing portrait of the mother figure made of soil and clay, was interpreted as a symbol of humans being nourished by the earth and ultimately returning to it.   As is well known, mother and earth have always remained sacred concepts in Anatolia from past to present. Land, both the source of life and a symbol of independence, continues to be identified with the life-giving mother today.   As can be seen, while the work covers Anatolian culture from the past to the present, it should be noted that it is not very informative in terms of its knowledge base, as it does not cover many unknown topics, particularly those related to prehistory and ancient times. Furthermore, the author's occasional mention of political views on the history of the Republic and the Ottoman Empire, especially towards the end of the work, is a significant indicator that the book strays from its subject matter. Beyond the aforementioned points, it should be noted that it contains important information about recent historical periods.   In conclusion, the work should be considered as one of the important research books that deserve to be carefully studied and notes taken from beginning to end.               MY QUOTES(*) :   The people of Anatolia are devoted to their traditions. They are steadfast in their beliefs. However, when they find something better or more beneficial, they rush to innovate. They are not bigoted, but rational and modest. They are quick-witted, avoid nitpicking, and like to get the job done. “ You have a smokeless chimney. - You have a faithless teacher. - What good is it to waste your life in the mosque ?” The oxen cart is a very similar two-wheeled cart pulled by a pair of oxen, having been around since the invention of the wheel, around 3000 BC. The oldest example was found in Southeastern Anatolia and is now in a private collection in Basel, Switzerland. As soon as the Turks realized that their previous customs were compatible with the customs they encountered in Anatolia, they immediately Anatolianized. Sabahattin Eyuboğlu says, " Anatolia is ours not because we conquered it, but because it is ours ." The tradesman who makes the first round of bread in the morning takes the money from the ground, the farmer who sows the seeds prays, “ One from me, a thousand from you. Come on, black soil, the soil to which I am sacrificed ,” Yunus Emre’s words, “ I saw my moon on the ground, - Mercy rains down on me from the ground ,” and the conclusion of Aşık Veysel’s words, “ If you seek the truth, there is a clear point – God is close to the servant, and the servant to God – The hidden treasure of truth is in the soil – My faithful lover is the black soil .” The House of the Virgin Mary in Ephesus is considered sacred by Muslims, just as it is by Christians today. In fact, it was sacred even before Christianity, as the Ortygia Grove. The Ephesians believed that Artemis and Apollo were born there. There's been constant debate about the origin of the Karagöz play and who created it. Hittite reliefs, especially the great god figure on the Boğazköy Yazılı Kaya (Inscribed Rock), are believed to be Karagöz himself. His hat, arm, and hand are identical to Karagöz's. So are his shoes. I doubt such a close resemblance is a coincidence. Right at the beginning of the Orkhon Inscriptions, it's said, " When the sky was created above, the dark earth below, the son of the person was created between the two ." H. Ziya Ülken then explains that "in Bektashi tradition, the relationship between earth and sky is expressed in Makalatı Erbain with the expression, ' My mother is the earth, my father is the sky .' This expression, and indeed the belief, 'My father is the sky, my mother is the earth,' was also present among Native Americans. But what's truly interesting is that the Sun Goddess of Erinna, the city of Anatolia before the Hittites, or the Great God Teshup among the Hittites, was the God of the Sky." A Swiss friend who was conducting research among the Yoruks in the Taurus Mountains said to me, "Musa, I'm surprised. There's a similarity between the Yoruks here and the Yoruks (Nomads) living in our Alps." These similarities stem from their living conditions. The Mother Goddess, or Mother Earth, figurine found at Çatalhöyük and displayed in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations is sculpted in a purely maternal image, with full breasts and wide hips. She is holding her breasts with her hands, sitting on her right side with her legs bent at the knees, half-left back. Around 600 BC, money was invented, boosting industry and playing a crucial role in overseas trade. The discovery of lime in the 1st century BC facilitated construction and paved the way for the richness of Roman construction. Hittite temples generally exhibit a non-symmetrical layout, vertical moldings, and internal openings that are closed to the outside. The cult center, the House of God, which constitutes the core, does not face the main entrance. These features are also seen at Anıtkabir. From the main entrance, one proceeds along the lion path. Then, one arrives at the inner courtyard, and walking left leads only to the tomb monument. The situation is more or less similar in Hittite temples. The Gallipoli Wars and freedom wars today are what the Trojan Wars were to the world. All of them were defenses of the Anatolian peoples against the attacks of Western imperialists and the Greeks. Indeed, Homer lists the Anatolian peoples who defended themselves against the Greeks in his Iliad. The rational approach to life that came to the East with Alexander the Great demonstrated its most effective validity in Turkmenistan. Farabi (870-950), Ibn Sina (980-1037), Biruni (973-1048), Omar Khayyam (1044-1136), and many other Khorasan warriors chose the rational path. Farabi said, " A person should first investigate and know himself, then others and the world. Above all, a person should be moderate ." The Rumi Calendar is far more consistent with nature than the Julian Calendar we use in Western cultures. Furthermore, unlike the Hijri Calendar, it doesn't allow for any gaps. The year begins with spring on the 14th of March, and as the weeks and months pass, the solstices come and go, so the year ends on March 13th, 13 days behind the Julian Calendar. The Rumi Calendar awakens with a new spring. It is much more important that thinkers such as St. Nicholas of Patara, who lived in the 5th century AD, or Santa Claus, Gregory of Nysa of Nazianzus, and Basil of Caesarea warned the public from a religious perspective. Nicholas of Patara spent almost his entire life as a clergyman at the eponymous Nicholas Church in Myra. Throughout his life, he preached generously, offering his teachings to the public. Above all, he fulfilled and perpetuated his universal love of children with gifts befitting them. Bringing joy to children is at the core of the Anatolian people. During the Byzantine era, particularly in the 6th century, during the reign of Emperor Justinian, numerous churches were built. Hagia Sophia in Istanbul is undoubtedly the most prominent among these. Great temples and basilicas also emerged in cities where these churches existed. The churches of Pergamon, Smyrna, Sardis, Philedelphia, Ephesus, Laodicea, and Tyateira were among the most famous. Language is slippery; it goes where you pull it. For example, "pimp" means "guide, guide." Yet, unfortunately, we use it as a swear word, as a womanizer. Yunus Emre also called "dick" the useful and the convenient. Yet, we've created an unspeakable name from this beautiful word. The Oghuz Turks constitute the majority of the Anatolian Turks and have remained loyal to their customs and traditions since Central Asia and have adapted to Anatolia. Regarding marriage, the people of Anatolia, since the Hittites and Central Asia, have considered it a tradition and even made it a law to marry only one woman. Anatolian women's clothing generally consists of a snow-white headscarf (yağlık), a small jacket-like pocket or a shalwar (workwear), and a shalwar (shalwar). Occasionally, or during holidays, some wear three skirts on the road. Especially during holidays, Anatolian women adorn themselves with colorful, rosy colors. Some also shy away from the colorful crepe on their heads. The colors of the cheki (headscarves unique to Anatolian women) speak volumes, revealing the woman's status. The black cheki signifies mourning, and is tied by elderly women and widows whose husbands have died. The yellow cheki is often seen on the heads of children and signifies lovers or betrothed. The red cheki is tied by women who have had sons and have also achieved their dreams. Purple and blue chekis represent happiness. When red, green, and purple come together, or more accurately, when the seven colors of the rainbow come together, nature and a woman with a full moon face are seen. The Yoruks have a trinity. They say, " If you're a merchant, start with less; if you're a farmer, work your field threefold; if you're a mulcher, a Yoruk, winter on the coast ."   MY EVALUATIONS:   Subject : The work provides chronological information about the customs and traditions of Anatolia throughout history.   Style: While the author gives the impression that the work is compiled chronologically according to historical eras, the subsequent work can sometimes create a sense of disorganization and repetition. Furthermore, the style of the work is simple and clear. Therefore, the intended information is conveyed to the reader clearly and concisely.   Originality : The work will not be evaluated in this category due to its nature.   Character : The work will not be evaluated in this category due to its nature.   Fluency : Considering the issues raised in the style section, it must be stated that the work has some shortcomings in terms of fluidity, as some sections become repetitive and give the impression of a lack of cohesion. Furthermore, in terms of immersion, it is clear that, given the genre of the book, it is unlikely to be expected to be engaging.   General : In the evaluation made out of 10 in accordance with the criteria stated above:   Subject: 8.5 Style: 7 Fluency: 6   The overall average score for the work, which received 1.5 points, is 7.1 . Considering its genre, the work should be considered among works that require examination and reflection, as it has passed the 7 threshold and contains historically important information.   (*) : All sections under the title My Quotations: CUSTOMS OF ANATOLIA THROUGHOUT THE AGES Author : Musa Baran Publisher : Bademler Village Culture, Art and Education Foundation Edition : 1st Edition – July 2023 The photo used on the cover was used as a quote from the book.

About Something Feelings like wanting and longing are inherent in our very nature. The loss of these feelings can also be an indication that we will face serious existential challenges. However, if we were to ask how many of us truly want and strive for what we want, I suspect most people don't even want to ask themselves that question. Everyone has expectations in life, and some take actions based on these expectations. Others consider their expectations sufficient only for their desires and wishes, preferring to leave the rest to the Creator or to the actions of others. We've all heard the adjective "lazy" frequently used in society to describe the latter type of people more succinctly. Moreover, we all know that the number of people labeled lazy is far greater than that of hardworking people. While hard work is a trait that can be acquired, the relatively small number of hardworking people may be due to the abundance of people unprepared for this mindset. Because, by nature, we are more adaptable to the easy and readily available. It's easy to be lazy. You can blame others or other events for everything that goes wrong in your life. This way, you can consider yourself as having done the best you could and not feel the need to initiate the most difficult personal change. On the contrary, being hard-working requires always striving, taking risks in life, and exploring different avenues when necessary. Furthermore, in my opinion, one of the most important elements of hard work is not giving up in the face of failure, which is where the most significant difference between a lazy person and a hard-working person becomes evident. Lazy people often use investment ideas to convey their courage and bravery when describing their lives. They want to show that they've embarked on something, that is, that they've actually worked hard. Ultimately, we hear people give up on their ventures, citing poor market conditions, inadequate work from their partners or employees, family problems, and many other reasons for their failure. A hard-working person, on the other hand, deserves to be considered successful, no matter how many times they fail, because they clearly define their goal and try every possible avenue until they reach it. In contrast, we often don't know much about the failures in the lives of hard-working people. This is because they sometimes try to conceal this, and sometimes they gloss over their failures briefly and without detail. A major failure, expressed in a short sentence, no matter how devastating it may be for the person experiencing it, won't have the same impact on the other person, thus preventing the intended message from getting through. Therefore, successful people generally either use this tactic knowingly or, because they avoid actually confronting those moments, prefer to share these details in a short anecdote. I must reiterate that one of the most important reasons I began writing was that, at this stage in my life, I wasn't considered successful in any field, so I could more concretely share the failures and experiences that led to success with future, hard-working individuals. I don't believe that reliving the same things over and over benefits either the next generation or the country as a whole. In this regard, we can be led to believe that some of our achievements are thanks to the West, especially as a result of its recording and transmission of ideas and inventions that were not its own. For example, we occasionally hear that prominent Turkish and Muslim scientists are at the heart of important discoveries and inventions in mathematics and geometry. However, it has often been portrayed that the scientific discoveries based on these foundations were made by foreigners, and even that the scientific advancements underlying the inventions themselves were directly attributed to Western scientists who copied them. Unfortunately, such distortions of information are common in history written by the powerful. That's why, no matter what we do or how hard we work, if our efforts are clearly passed on to future generations, we will not only facilitate their progress but also have the opportunity to make even greater contributions to humanity. Ultimately, words fly away, but written words remain. Just as failure is inevitable for the lazy, success is equally inevitable for the hardworking. Finally, it's clear that things will be very different when we succeed in inspiring future generations by clearly conveying the steps to success.

1984 MY COMMENTS :   George Orwell's classic work is about the events that take place when the main character, Winston, begins to rebel against his country when he is confronted with the realities of the dystopian country he lives in. Although I last read the work during my university years, I finally had the chance to review it thanks to its quotes and memorable subject.   Winston, who works in a unit called the Ministry of Truth, where the truth is changed according to the specific conditions of the day, realizes that the truth of the country he lives in is completely distorted and that all people are deliberately misinformed by this administration. Despite this, he wants to join a resistance movement. He meets people named Julia and O'Brien during this process. Although he and Julia become lovers and support each other during this process, they find themselves in prison when they realize that O'Brien, whom they think is one of the rebels, and the owner of the antique shop they are staying in are thought police and undercover police.   After being subjected to many tortures and confessing to the crime they did not commit, they were released again with everything confiscated. Winston, who now takes on the identity of people who truly love Big Brother, has become a true citizen of INGSOS at the end of the story.   The work is considered the most well-known cult work in the dystopian novel category of all time. When the topics it covers and the messages it conveys are taken into consideration, it is clearly understood that it is one of the books that truly deserves this title. Although it has been stated that it contains dystopian novel elements, it is known that some states today use some of the management tactics in the book.   Today, we are living in a period where people's desire for happiness and security is more appealing than the idea of freedom due to the comfort zone brought by technological developments, just like in the novel. Therefore, although the work appeared to be a dystopian novel at the time it was written, when the current world order is seen, it is seen that the novel is getting closer to reality.   Since the idea of freedom is a very simple and abstract concept for people, the number of people who are willing to embrace this ideal is much less than we think. The freedom movement that gained popularity after the French Revolution later felt more prone to being swept away by the emotional flood of nationalism. As I have stated before, the concept of freedom is not one of the first or second sensitivities of most people, as it brings with it a responsibility that many people cannot handle. However, elements such as nutrition, shelter, and survival have always been a priority for humanity.   The basic logic of states is to provide their people with certain necessary and useful needs. If they provide these, it will not be very important whether the concept of freedom is fully experienced or not. Moreover, it should be noted that there is no country where the concept of freedom can be truly experienced today. Although every country has provided freedom to its citizens up to the limits it has determined, it is obvious that the requirements of the concept of freedom are not fully met if this is done. Therefore, fancy words such as freedom and revolution have always been instrumental concepts used to drag the masses and have never been made the main goal.   Meanwhile, it is also possible to interpret the concept of freedom not necessarily in its enlightenment sense, but as the entrusting of the administration and management to certain people. The fact that society and the people make such a decision and leave politics, administration and the state regime to certain groups can be interpreted as another element of freedom.   As a result, the work is a novel that has left its mark on the minds of every reader as one of the world classics that must be read with its deep plot and impressive detailing.   MY QUOTATIONS(*) :   Because Orwell’s novel was called 1984, the year 1984 had become a myth years before. However, Orwell had initially chosen 1980 as the year in which the story takes place, and as the completion of the book took longer, partly because of his illness, he first changed 1980 to 1982, and then settled on 1984. Later, when he explained to his close friend, the writer Julian Symons, why he chose 1984 as the date for his novel, he said, “ Since I finished writing the book in 1948, I decided to change the places of the last two digits of 1948. ” In the world described by Orwell, the creation of a society devoid of memory and past is of great importance in order to keep reality under control. In the new discourse, they developed a process called “doublethink”: “… To know and not to know at the same time, to tell artfully invented lies while being aware of the whole truth at the same time, to defend two views that refute each other while knowing that they contradict each other and believing in both, to use logic against logic, to deny morality while claiming to defend morality, to believe both in the impossibility of democracy and that the Party is its protector; to forget what must be forgotten, to remember it again as soon as it is necessary, and then to forget it again suddenly; and most importantly, to apply the same process to the process itself… ” ( Excerpts from the Translator’s Notes ) Big Brother's face faded away again and the Party's three slogans appeared in black capital letters: " WAR IS PEACE. FREEDOM IS SLAVERY. IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH ." “ He who controls the past controls the future; he who controls the present controls the past .” Moreover, the past, although by its very nature changeable, had never been changed. What was real now was real forever. It was very simple. All that was required was endless victories over your own memory. They called it “ reality control ”: in the new discourse, “ doublethink .” War is a way of destroying, sending into the stratosphere, or sending to the bottom of the sea, the tools and equipment that would make the masses too comfortable and therefore too much work for their minds for a long time. Even if the weapons used in war are not destroyed, the manufacture of weapons is a convenient way of using labor without producing anything that can be consumed. The Party's two aims are to conquer the whole world and to destroy all possibility of independent thought. The Party therefore has two great problems to solve. One of these is how to read what a person is thinking without his knowledge; the other is how to kill hundreds of millions of people in a few seconds without prior warning. This is the subject of scientific research today. The scientist of today is either a mixture of a psychologist and an interrogator, who meticulously examines the meaning of people's facial expressions, gestures, and tones of voice, and who tests the effects of drugs, shock therapy, hypnosis, and physical torture on making them tell the truth, or he is a chemist, physicist, or biologist, who deals only with those branches of his field which concern the taking of human life. Some teams of experts are investigating how to produce new and more deadly gases, soluble poisons in quantities that could wipe out the vegetation of entire continents, or disease microbes that have become immune to all antibodies; others are trying to make even more remote possibilities possible, such as focusing the sun's rays on lenses suspended thousands of miles away in space, or generating artificial earthquakes and tidal waves by extracting heat from the earth's core. In the past, the ruling classes of all countries, knowing their common interests, were able to limit the destructive power of war, but they actually fought each other, and the victorious party always lost. Today, they never fight against each other. War is waged by each ruling class against its own subjects, and the aim of war is not to seize territory or to prevent the loss of territory, but to ensure that the structure of society continues unchanged. So even the word war has acquired a misleading meaning. If the three superpowers, instead of fighting each other, had agreed to remain in perpetual peace and leave each other alone within their own borders, the result would have been almost the same. A truly permanent peace would amount to a permanent war. This is the essence of the party slogan, although the vast majority of party members understand it in a narrower sense: War is peace. From the point of view of the Low, no historical change has ever meant anything other than a change in the name of their masters. CRIMESTOP means the faculty of stopping short, as it were, by instinct, at the threshold of any dangerous thought . It includes the power of not grasping analogies, of failing to perceive logical errors, of misunderstanding the simplest arguments if they are inimical to Ingsoc, and of being bored or repelled by any train of thought which is capable of leading in a heretical direction. The key word here is "aklakara." Like many Newspeak words, this word has two contradictory meanings. In the case of an enemy, it means "aklakara", "aklakara", "aklakara", "aklakara", "aklakara", in the face of the obvious. This requires the continual revision of the past, which is made possible by the system of thought that encompasses everything else and is known in Newspeak as "doublethink." Doublethink means that a person can hold two contradictory beliefs in his mind at the same time and accept both of them. The party intellectual knows in what direction his memories must be changed, and he also knows that he is playing with reality; but by applying doublethink he convinces himself that reality has not been violated. This process must be done consciously, or it will not be sufficiently precise; but it must also be done unconsciously, or it will create a feeling of falseness and therefore of guilt in the person. If you want to manage and make your management permanent, you will get rid of the sense of reality. Because the secret of managing is to believe in your own infallibility while at the same time learning from your past mistakes. The very names of the four ministries that govern us reflect the disrespect in which the truth is deliberately distorted. The Ministry of Peace is the ministry of war, the Ministry of Truth is the ministry of lies, the Ministry of Love is the ministry of torture, the Ministry of Wealth is the ministry of want. These contradictions are not accidental, nor do they arise from ordinary hypocrisy; they are the conscious exercise of doublethink. For power can only be maintained indefinitely by reconciling contradictions. In no other way can the old cycle be broken. If men are to be prevented from becoming equal—if the High, as we call them, are to always retain their place—the prevailing state of mind must be controlled madness. The party wanted to be in power because the masses of people were weak, cowardly creatures who could not bear freedom or face the truth and therefore had to be led and systematically deceived by someone stronger than themselves. People had to choose between freedom and happiness, and the vast majority chose happiness. Power is not a means, it is an end. No one establishes a dictatorship to protect a revolution; one makes a revolution to establish a dictatorship. The aim of oppression is oppression. The aim of torture is torture. The aim of power is power. “ We dominate matter because we dominate the mind. Reality is in the head .” Even in the first thirty years of the twentieth century, abbreviated words and phrases had become one of the defining characteristics of political language, and such abbreviations were most frequently used in totalitarian countries and totalitarian organizations. Although this practice was initially adopted instinctively, it was used with a conscious purpose in Newspeak. It was realized that by shortening a name in this way, many of its possible associations could be blocked, and its meaning could be narrowed and subtly changed. In the future, these pieces of literature, even if they had not been lost, would have been incomprehensible and untranslatable. It was impossible to translate a passage written in Oldspeak into Newspeak, except for a technical operation or for very ordinary everyday behavior or for something that already showed a commitment to doctrine. This meant that, in practice, no book written before about 1960 could be translated in its entirety. Literature before the Revolution could be transferred into Newspeak only by ideological translation, which meant changing the meaning as well as the language.   MY EVALUATIONS:   Subject : The work is about the events that the main character named Winston goes through when he starts to act with the idea of rebelling against his country when he is confronted with the realities of the dystopian country he lives in.   Style: Thanks to the author's unique style, the novel, which is structured with a detailed and simple narrative from beginning to end, has always managed to keep the reader in the work.   Originality : The work is one of the most original novels written in its field due to its detailed description of the subject and plot. Considering the period in which it was written, it should be noted that it is one of the few works that best meets the originality criterion among the classics.   Character : The character scheme in the work consists of a main character, 2 supporting characters and other side characters. Many side characters were used in the novel in sufficient numbers to convey a clear message regarding the messages to be given; apart from that, there were no character additions that could cause stagnation with excessive character density.   Fluency : Considering the issues mentioned in the style and originality categories, it should be stated that the work is written in a fluent language from beginning to end and has all the elements of a gripping novel.   General : In the evaluation made out of 10 according to the criteria stated above:   Subject: 8.5 Style: 8 Originality: 9 Characters: 8 Fluency: 8.5   The overall average of the work that received the scores is 8.4 points . As one of the books that passed the 8 threshold in every category and received almost the highest score, it should definitely be stated that it is one of the books that readers of all ages should definitely read.   (*) : All parts under the title My Quotations: 1984 Author : George Orwell Publisher : Can Publications Edition : 50th Edition – March 2015 The photo used on the cover was used as a quote from the book.

Dr Jekyll and Bay Hyde   MY COMMENTS :   Written by Robert Louis Stevenson, the work tells the story of the extraordinary adventures of the main character, lawyer Utterson, and Henry Jekyll.   Although the main character directly narrates the events in the work, Henry Jekyll and Mr. Hyde can be considered as two separate main characters who share the real message that is intended to be given in the work. As it is revealed at the end of the work, in fact, the good and bad sides of man are expressed to the reader as two separate bodies, one side is Mr. Hyde, who disgusts everyone with his short and evil side. The other is Henry Jekyll, a respected doctor, whose goodness has won everyone's love throughout his life. Although Jekyll succeeded in his work to have the good and bad sides of man find a separate body, after a while, as mentioned in the quotes, he tried to make a lot of effort to return to his old self because he lost control to his evil side.   When he became Mr. Hyde, he found himself doing evil unintentionally, so he killed his beloved doctor friend when he went to him to ask for help, and then he retreated into seclusion as Henry Jekyll for a long time in order to disappear. However, since these changes started to be more involuntary than before, the main character, who woke up in the mornings and saw that he was Mr. Hyde again and saw that it was impossible to recover, after a while, he left his life to his best friend Utterson by letter.   At the beginning of the work, Utterson tries to get his friend to tell him why he named Mr. Hyde as his heir and whether he forced him, but Jekyll tells his friend, " Believe me, he is in no position to harm me ", but before committing suicide, he changes his mind and leaves all his property to his lawyer friend.   As can be seen, although the work appears as a fantasy novel, it frequently uses symbolism to give the same person two bodies in order to show the good and evil within a person more concretely to the reader. Therefore, it definitely contains important sections about the ongoing battle between good and evil within a person, and it is recommended to read the doctor's statements in the quotations section.   In conclusion, the work can be considered among the modern classics that deserve to be read with its extraordinary plot that can attract the attention of people of all ages.               MY QUOTATIONS(*) :   " I am very sensitive about asking questions ," he replied, " there are many similarities between asking questions and the Day of Judgment. Asking questions is like moving a rock . I stick to my principle: " When someone is in a difficult situation, don't ask him too many questions ." What made me what I am was not the lessening of my faults but the forcefulness of my passions; and this caused the worlds of good and evil, which divide and unite the twofold nature of man, to open in me a gulf deeper than that of most men. With each passing day, I came closer and closer to the truth that I had partially discovered, that I was doomed to become a terrible wreck in both the moral and intellectual aspects of my mind: In fact, human beings had not one but two selves. If I say two, it is because my knowledge is sufficient for now. The evil side of my nature, to which I had now transferred the power of shaping, was not so vigorous and developed as the good side which I had just overthrown. After all, nine-tenths of my life had been spent in toil, in the endeavor to be virtuous and to subdue my desires, and my evil side had lain dormant and was not so much battered. This, I think, is why Edward Hyde was so much smaller, thinner, and younger than Henry Jekyll. While the one's face was bright with kindness, the other's face was full of evil. What I mean is, everything seemed to come down to this: My original and good side was slowly disappearing from my hands, and I was slowly becoming one with my second and bad side.   MY EVALUATIONS:   Subject : The work tells the story of the extraordinary adventures of the main character, lawyer Utterson, and Henry Jekyll.   Style: The author has managed to convey the plot to the reader with a plain and simple narration from the beginning of the work. Since the description is given to the extent it should be, there is no stagnation in the narration for the reader.   Originality : The work clearly shows that it is among the original books in terms of its nature and subject matter.   Character : The character scheme in the work consists of 2 main characters and 2 supporting characters. Therefore, the character scheme is at a sufficient level for the plot and the messages to be given and is in sufficient numbers that will not make it difficult for the reader to remember.   Fluency : Considering the other criteria above, it can be said that the work becomes a gripping story with a fluent narrative, especially towards the end. However, it is necessary to mention the presence of static parts in the initial stages according to the subject.   General : In the evaluation made out of 10 according to the criteria stated above:   Subject: 8 Style: 8 Originality: 8.5 Characters: 8 Fluency: 7   The overall average of the work, which received 8 points, is 7.9 points . Considering that the work has almost reached the 8-point threshold, it can be said that it is one of the books that should be examined, especially for readers who like fantasy-themed novels, in terms of its subject and the messages it conveys.   (*) : All parts under the title My Quotations: DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE Author : Robert Louis Stevenson Publisher : Türkiye İş Bankası Culture Publications Edition : 18th Edition – July 2023 The photo used on the cover was used as a quote from the book.